1. East Meets West
The Crusades

2. The Crusades: Causes European Expansionism
Conversion of Vikings and Magyars removes pressure on Europe
Agricultural advances increase food supply
Battle of Hastings, 1066
Capture of Toledo from Muslims, 1087
Capture of Sicily from Muslims, 1091

3. Europe

4. Battle of Hastings, 1066

5. Roman-Byzantine Rivalry
The Crusades: Causes
Roman-Byzantine Rivalry
Great Schism, 1064
Cluniac (Benedictine) Reform causes church in West to be more attentive to business and provides drive to attempt to reassert control

6. The Crusades: Causes Events in Muslim World Battle of Manzikert, 1071.
Byzantines lose Anatolia to Turks.
Loss foreshadows eventual end of Byzantine Empire.
Turks disrupt pilgrim traffic.

7. Call for a Crusade Urban II calls for Crusade, 1095 Objectives
Drive Turks from Anatolia
Obligate the Byzantines
Provide occasion for healing Great Schism on Rome's terms
Capture Holy Land

8. Major Events of Crusades
I Crusade
Achieves all major objectives in Holy Land
Turkish threat blunted, though not eliminated
Area not strategic to Muslims, could have been held indefinitely with a little skill.
Initial gains lost through diplomatic bungling.
Crusaders attempt to destabilize neighbors

9. First Crusade
A medieval image of Peter the Hermit leading knights, soldiers and women toward Jerusalem during the First Crusade

10. Major Events of Crusades
II Crusade,
Military failure, discredits Crusaders as military threat
III Crusade,
Well-known in literature (Robin Hood)
Involved Richard I of England, Phillip II of France, Frederick I of Holy Roman Empire
Saladin on Muslim side.

11. Second Crusade
The Siege of Lisbon by D. Afonso Henriques (1840)

12. Third Crusade
The Siege of Acre was the first major confrontation of the Third Crusade

13. Saladin Phillip II Richard I

14. Major Events of Crusades
IV Crusade,
Western-Greek relations always strained, mutual contempt.
To finance crusade, Crusaders work for Venetians
Crusaders sack Constantinople, 1204
Chance to heal Great Schism utterly lost.
In 1453, when attacked by Turks, Byzantines preferred surrender to asking Rome for aid.

15. Fourth Crusade
Conquest of Constantinople by the Crusaders in 1204

16. Major Events of Crusades
V Crusade
Capture Damietta, swap for Jerusalem
Muslims agree
Crusaders try to conquer Egypt, but fail.
VI Crusade 1229
Frederick II of Germany did little fighting and a lot of negotiation
Treaty gave the Crusaders Jerusalem and all the other holy cities and a truce of ten years
He was widely condemned for conducting the Crusade by negotiating rather than fighting.

17. Fifth Crusade
Frisian crusaders confront the Tower of Damietta, Egypt

18. Sixth Crusade
Frederick II (left) meets al-Kamil (right).

19. Major Events of Crusades
VII Crusade
Led by Louis IX of France
Nearly an exact repeat of the Fifth Crusade
VIII Crusade 1270
Louis’ brother, Charles of Anjou, king of Sicily, had strategic plans of his own and diverted the expedition to Tunisia, where Louis died.
The last Crusader cities on the mainland of Palestine fell in 1291
One small island stronghold lasted until 1303.

20. Seventh Crusade
Louis IX during the Seventh Crusade.

21. Eighth Crusade

22. Crusades died out Lack of interest, rising European prosperity
Repeated military defeats
Discredited by "crusades" against Christians (e.g., Albigensians)

23. Effects of Crusades Fatal weakening of Byzantine Empire
Vast increase in cultural horizons for many Europeans.
Stimulated Mediterranean trade.
Need to transfer large sums of money for troops and supplies led to development of banking techniques.
Rise of heraldic emblems, coats of arms
Romantic and imaginative literature.

24. Coat of Arms

25. Effects of Crusades Knowledge introduced to Europe
Heavy stone masonry, construction of castles and stone churches.
Siege technology, tunneling, sapping.
Muslim minarets adopted as church spires
Weakening of nobility, rise of merchant classes
Enrichment was primarily from East to West--Europe had little to give in return.

26. Stone Castles and Churches