1. ICE: Using Quotes Properly

2. Why quote?
All of us use others’ ideas to build on, challenge or disagree with
The writer must make it clear which ideas and words are his/hers and which belong to others
References add weight to your argument
Strict conventions exist on quoting others’ ideas or words
Use quotations to support your points, not make them.

3. When to quote directly
Good writers only quote directly when the way a sentence or passage is worded is significant:
According to Barton, “Five times out of ten, a student writer is better off paraphrasing or summarizing than quoting directly.”
Don’t quote “plain” passages directly:
Jordon writes, “There were five chemists present during the experiment.”

4. Dropped (or stand alone) quotations
Do not include a quotation in your document that “stands alone.”
So how do you fix a dropped quote?

5. The ICE Method Use the ICE method:
Introduce (first time-author name, source name, summary of source; after that, just need signal phrase)
Cite
Explain

6. I - Introduction
An “introduction” can be simple: John Barton, in his book, Writing in College, explains how to write a successful essay. Barton writes,

7. C - Citation
Then the citation: “The ICE method is easy to remember” (5).

8. E -Explanation
And the explanation, or justification for the quotation: Most students can remember what the letters in ICE stand for even years afterwards.

9. Incorporating direct quotations
To incorporate direct quotations into your text use signal phrases
According to…
A study by […] has shown that…
Numerous studies […] indicate that…
In a now-famous study, [X] noted that…

10. Sample signal phrases Smith points out… Smith reports… Smith notes…
Smith observes…
Smith concludes…
Smith recognizes…
According to Smith…
To quote Smith…
As Smith has indicated…
Smith defines … as…
Be sure the direct quote does not interrupt the flow of your sentence

11. Words of Advice
Essays that use extensive direct quotations tend to lack voice, continuity, or authority.
If you offer quotations every few lines, your ideas become subordinate to other people’s ideas and voices. Your ideas are lost and the piece will not indicate that YOU have done any thinking or synthesizing.
Therefore, you are generally better off paraphrasing and summarizing material and using direct quotations sparingly.

12. Acknowledging your sources
There are conventions for indicating the source of the quotations and ideas you’ve used in your writing
1. The bibliography (i.e., Working References or Works Cited) at the end of the paper
2. Parenthetical citations that follow an individual quotation or reference in your text
Your essays will require BOTH

13. Which of these need references?
A mention of facts or figures from another writer
An idea of your own
Some data you have found from your own research
A theory suggested by another researcher
A quotation from a work by any author
Something that is agreed to be common knowledge