1. Reaction, revolution, romanticism
Chapter 21

2. The Conservative Order (1815-1830)
What were the goals of the Congress of Vienna and the Concert of Europe, and how successful were they in achieving these goals?

3. Peace Settlement Quadruple Alliance:
Great Britain, Austria, Prussia, Russia
Restored Bourbon monarchy with Louis XVIII
September 1814 – meet in Vienna
Prince Klemens von Metternich ( )
Austrian diplomat
Conceited, self-assured
“How right I am, and how wrong they are”

4. Peace Settlement Principle of Legitimacy Other strategy more practical
To reestablish peace and stability
Restore “legitimate” monarchs to preserve traditional institutions
Bourbons in France and Spain
Other strategy more practical
Russia, Austria, Prussia all had claims on Poland
Prussia, Austria got some
“New” Poland under Russian Romanov monarchs
Prussia got 2/5s of Saxony, Westphalia, Left Bank of Rhine
Austria lost Netherlands and got Lombardy and Venetia

5. Peace Settlement
Balance of Power- preventing a country from domination
To balance Russian gains: Austria & Prussia strengthened
Metternich: makes them a “unconquerable barrier”
To balance France combined Dutch Republic and Belgium (Austrian Netherlands) to create a larger Netherlands
German Confederation – league of German states
France ordered to pay indemnity and have occupying army for 5 years after Napoleon’s 100 Days

6. Conservatism
Liberal and Nationalist forces unleashed by French Revolution
Conservatism: ideology based on tradition and social stability favoring maintenance of established institutions, organized religion, obedience to authority, resisting change
Ordered community has precedence over individual rights
Edmund Burke ( ), Reflections on the Revolution in France: reaction to radical republican and democratic ideas
“Each generation has the duty to preserve and transmit [the status quo] to the next”

7. Conservatism Joseph de Maistre (1753-1821)
Restoration of hereditary monarchy “divinely sanctioned institution” that ordered society
Quadruple Alliance  Concert of Europe
Met periodically to maintain new status quo
1818: four powers withdrew armies from France, became power of 5 “never have I known a prettier congress”
1820: dealt with outbreak of revolution in Spain & Italy

8. Interventionism
Principle of Intervention: great powers had right to send armies to put down revolution and restore legitimate monarchs
Britain refused to take part
Concert of Europe authorized troops to put down revolts in Italy and Spain  successful

9. Interventionism Latin America
Simón Bolívar “the liberator” freed Colombia (1819) and Venezuela (1821), José San Martín freed Chile (1817), Bolívar & Martín freed Peru (1824), Mexico and Brazil followed
England stopped Concert of Europe from intervention with its navy, and soon dominated Latin American economy
Monroe Doctrine (1823) – Western Hemisphere is closed!
Latin America became source of raw materials, not industrialization

10. Interventionism
Designed to prevent revolution, it could also be used to support revolution if in the interest of the Concert
1821: Greeks revolted against Ottoman Turks
Greeks had been allowed to maintain language and Greek Orthodox faith under Muslim rule
Revival of Greek national sentiment in early 19th century supported by British and French in 1827
Russia declared war against Ottomans in 1828
Treaty of Adrianople (1829) stated Europeans could decide Greece’s fate
1830: declared independent

11. Conservative Domination
Great Britain
Parliament was dominated by Tories and Whigs
Both comprised of landed aristocracy
Whigs gained support from Industrial Middle Class
Tory government passed high tariffs on foreign grain benefitting landowners, hurting lower working classes
Central Europe
Metternich kept “and eye on everything” in German Confederation and Austria
put down liberal student groups like the Burschenschaften
Limited freedom of press
Put universities under close supervision

12. Reactions to Conservatism
Liberalism
Nationalism
Early Socialism

13. Liberalism
Liberalism: ideology based on belief people should be as free from restraint as possible
Economic: government shouldn’t interfere in workings of economy (laissez-faire)
Government has three jobs:
Defense of country
Police protection of individuals
Construction and maintenance of public works
Political: protection of civil liberties – assembly, speech, press, arbitrary arrest – in a written document
Liberalism tied to middle-class men: wanted to extend voting rights to industrialized middle-class, NOT to lower classes
Liberalism ≠ Democrats

14. Nationalism Rose up out of the French Revolution
Nation = community of institutions, traditions, language, customs
Each nationality should have its own government
Germans should have one central government
Hungarians deserved self-determination away from German subjugation
Nationalism and Liberalism became strong allies
Liberals believed liberty could be realized only by peoples ruling themselves
Nationalists believed once each people obtained own state, all nations could be linked into a broader community of humanity

15. Ignored by contemporaries
Early Socialism
Utopian Socialists: Political intellectuals who wanted to introduce equality into social conditions and believed that human cooperation was superior to competition in capitalism
Against private property and competitive spirit
By creating new systems of social organization, a better environment for humanity could be achieved
Charles Fourier ( ) – phalansteries: small model cooperatives where inhabitants were communally housed and rotate work
Robert Owen ( ) – attempted cooperatives in Scotland and US
Flora Tristan ( ) – Worker’s Union advocated application of Fourier’s ideas to family and work
Other women looked to Early Socialism as means to equality
Ignored by contemporaries

16. Another French Revolution
1830: Charles X issued the “July Ordinances” which censored the press, dissolved legislative assembly, reduced electorate
July Revolution: rebellion put Louis-Philippe, duke of Orleans, as constitutional king
“Bourgeois monarch” – support came from upper middle class
Favored interests of bourgeoisie, lower classes disappointed they helped give him crown

17. Revolutionary Outbursts of 1830
Belgium rose up against Dutch
European powers accepted independence
Metternich sent Austrian troops to crush revolts in Italian states
Russians crushed Polish revolt
Whigs took power in Britain and introduced reforms to make the middle class happy
Liberals repealed Corn Laws to create free trade

18. French Revolution of 1848 1846: Industrial and agricultural depression
Government refused to extend suffrage to middle class
Adolphe Thiers agitated for dismissal of Louis-Philippe
: held banquets to raise money and calling for reforms
February : government forbade a grand banquet
people revolted, Louis-Philippe abdicated and fled to London

19. AP Mustache of the year nominee
French Revolution of 1848
Provisional government of moderate (most of France) and radical republicans (working class) set up
Unemployment and debt climbed
Workers rioted when work shops closed
4 days of fighting before working class put down, prisoners sent to colony of Algeria
November 4, 1848: Second Republic created with new constitution
Unicameral, universal male suffrage, president
Charles Louis Napoleon Bonaparte
AP Mustache of the year nominee

20. European revolts = FAILURE
Paris revolution triggered upheavals in central Europe
Frankfurt Assembly
Grossdeutsch (Big German) – include Austria
Kleindeutsch (Small German) – exclude Austria
Austria withdrew, Frederick William IV refused title of “emperor” of Germans
Louis Kossuth, Hungarian liberal won “commonwealth” status in Austria
New Emperor, Francis Joseph I fought Hungarians with Russians putting down revolt and restoring authoritarian rule
Italy failed to unite
Failure to unite: divisions in politics and nationalities made revolutions fail

21. Romanticism Emotion, sentiment, inner feelings
Individualism – interest in unique traits of each person
Desire to follow inner drives
Long hair, beards, outrageous clothes
Heroism
Historical focus
Gothic Literature
Love of Nature
Pantheism –
God is everywhere
Lord Byron

22. Romanticism All artistic expression was a reflection of inner feelings
Joseph Turner Slavers Throwing Overboard the Dead and Dying, Typhoon Coming On
[The Slave Ship] 1840
Antoine-Jean Gros “Napoleon on the Battlefield of Eylau ” 1808
Eugene Delacroix,
“Liberty Leading the People” 1830
Romanticism
All artistic expression was a reflection of inner feelings
Rejected principles of Classicism
Beauty is not timeless
Depends on culture and age
Warmth, emotion, movement