1. Market Failures and the Role of the Government
AP MICROECONOMICS
Unit 6:
Market Failures and the Role of the Government
Mr. Lindquist

2. How was your break?
Turn to the people around you and ask them one thing that they did over break?
Anything with economics????

3. Unit 6: Market Failures Length Modules Assignments Key Questions
1.5 Weeks
Modules
Module 74, 75, 76, & 77
Assignments
Reading Outlines and Problem Sets
Key Questions
1. Why does the free market need government?
2. What goods and services does the government provide?

4. When should the government get involved in the economy?
Lindquist - AP ECON
When should the government get involved in the economy?
Worker Safety Laws
Barber Shop Licenses
Bank Bailouts
Picture is from the Triangle Shirt Fire
Every society needs to decide how much government involvement is desirable

5. What is the Free Market?
(Capitalism)

6. 5 Characteristics of Free Markets
Little government involvement in the economy.
(Laissez Faire = Let it be)
2. Individuals OWN resources and determine what to produce, how to produce, and who gets it.
3. The opportunity to make PROFIT gives people INCENTIVE to produce quality items efficiently.
4. Wide variety of goods available to consumers.
5. Competition and Self-Interest work together to regulate the economy.

7. Example of the INVISIBLE HAND
of the free market:
If society wants purple shirts and people are willing to pay high prices then…
Businesses have the INCENTIVE to start making purple shirts to earn PROFIT.
This leads to more COMPETITION….
Which means lower prices, better quality, and more product variety.
To maintain profits, firms find most efficient way to produce goods and services.
Lindquist - AP ECON

8. The end result of the Free Market…
Competition and self-interest act as an invisible hand that regulates the free market.
The government doesn’t need to get involved since the needs of society are automatically met.

9. Does the Free Market ever FAIL to meet society’s needs?

10. The government must step in to satisfy society’s wants.
What is a Market Failure?
Market Failure-
A situation in which the free-market system fails to satisfy society’s wants.
(When the invisible hand doesn’t work.)
Private markets do not efficiently bring about the allocation of resources.
What’s the result…
The government must step in to satisfy society’s wants.

11. How does the free market FAIL?

12. The Four Market Failures
We will focus on four different market failures:
Public Goods
2. Externalities (third person side effects)
3. Monopolies (inadequate Competition)
4. Unfair distribution of income
In each of the above situations,
the government step in to
allocate resources efficiently.

13. Market Failure #1: PUBLIC GOODS

14. Market Failure #1: Public Goods
Public Goods would NOT be provided
PUBLIC GOODS
DEFINITION:
Goods or services whose benefits are available to everyone and are paid for collectively.
Goods or services for which it would be impractical or inefficient to make consumers pay individually or exclude “Free-Riders”. (Lindquist)

15. Would there be enough to meet our needs?
Public Goods
If there was no government, how would schools, parks, and freeways be different?
Would there be enough to meet our needs?
Public Sector- The part of the economy that is primarily controlled by the government
Private Sector- The part of the economy that is run by private individuals and companies that seek profit.
Video: Fire Department Auction

16. Public Goods Free Riders are individuals that benefit without paying.
Why must the government provide public goods and services?
It is impractical for the free-market to provide these goods because there is little opportunity to earn profit.
This is due to the Free-Rider Problem
Free Riders are individuals that benefit without paying.

17. Examples of Public Goods
Military
Country is less efficient without one
Less safe Entrepreneurs won’t take risks at opening up businesses
Could it be done as a business for “profit”?
NO!!!!

18. MORE EXAMPLES OF PUBLIC GOODS
2. Police
Can you provide it “privately?
NO!!!!

19. MORE EXAMPLES OF PUBLIC GOODS
3. ROADS
Imagine roads in a “Pure” Capitalist society
Would the road go in a straight line?
LESS EFFICIENT!!!

20. MORE EXAMPLES OF PUBLIC GOODS
4. Schools
We want EVERYONE educated so our economy will thrive. Not just the folks that can afford it

21. 5. Fire Department? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PwJrPa8Ps7A
Like police department…it is NOT Efficient.
By the time you prove you have private insurance or can pay out of pocket. Your house has burned down.

22. What’s wrong with this picture?

23. HOMEWORK
Read and Outline
Module 76
Pages

24. Review List the characteristics of the Free Market.
Lindquist - AP ECON
List the characteristics of the Free Market.
Define Market Failure.
What is the “invisible hand”?
List the 4 Market Failures.
Why must the government provide public goods?
Define Free Rider.
What is wrong with having free riders?

25. The Free Rider Problem Examples: People who download music illegally
People who watch a street performer and don’t pay
Teenagers that live at home and don’t have a job
Canada

26. Does anyone free ride off you?
Canadian Military Spending: $21.8 Billion
US Military Spending: $660 Billion
Why doesn’t Canada spend more on their military?

27. What’s wrong with Free Riders?
Free-Riders keep firms from making profits.
If left to the free market, essential services would be under produced.
To solve the problem, the government can:
1. Find new ways to punish free-riders.
2. Use tax dollars to provide the service to everyone.

28. EVERYONE pays a mandatory tax and all receive the same benefits.
The Final Exam
I am willing to give an 100% on the final exam to whichever class gives me $1000.
Everyone in the class will get 100% even if they don’t pay.
Who is willing to pay?
What about those that refuse to pay?
Solution?
EVERYONE pays a mandatory tax
and all receive the same benefits.

29. Definition of Public Goods

30. Definition of Public Goods
Public goods have two criteria:
1. Nonexclusion
Cannot exclude people from enjoying the benefits (even if they don’t pay).
Ex: National Defense, lighthouse
2. Shared Consumption (Nonrivalry)
One person’s consumption of a good does not reduce the usefulness to others.
Ex: Waller Park, TV Shows

31. AGENDA Excludable vs Non-Excludable activity Go over UNIT #4 FRQs
HOMEWORK:
Read and Outline
Module 76
Pages

32. Identify which of the following are TRUE public goods
Lindquist - AP ECON
Identify which of the following are
TRUE public goods
(have non-exclusion and non-rival consumption):
1. Hamburgers
2. Satellite TV
3. Free Public Education
4. Homes
5. Street lights
6. Highways
3 and 5

33. Identify which of the following are TRUE public goods (have nonexclusion and nonrival consumption):
1. Hamburgers
2. Cable TV
3. Free Public Education
4. Homes
5. Street lights
6. Highways

34. Lindquist - AP ECON
2008 Audit Exam
76%
15. E

35. PUBLIC GOODS Why doesn’t the free market provide them?
Market Failure #1
PUBLIC GOODS
Why doesn’t the free market provide them?
There is little opportunity to earn profit.
Why NOT?
Individuals benefit without paying.

36. HOW MANY PUBLIC GOODS?

37. Can the government… Prevent wild fires in California forever?
Ensure that no one ever speeds on the freeway?
Create a research station on Mars?
Stop pollution from fossil fuels?
Completely stop illegal immigration?
Make sure everyone in the US has a job?
YES! But the costs outweigh the benefits.
How does the government decide how many public goods to provide?

38. They use Supply and Demand Producer where MSB = MSC
How does the government determine what quantity of public goods to produce?
They use Supply and Demand
Demand for Public Goods-
The Marginal Social Benefit of the good is it’s usefulness to society ad is determined by citizens willingness to pay.
Supply of Public Goods-
The Marginal Social Cost of providing each additional quantity.
Producer where MSB = MSC

39. 1 $4 $5 $9 2 $3 $7 3 $2 4 $1 5 $0 Demand for a New Park
Marginal willingness to pay higher taxes
Assume:
There are only two people in society.
Each additional park costs $5
How many parks should be made?
# of Parks
Adam is willing to pay
Jill is willing to pay
Society’s Demand for Parks
Marginal Cost 1 $4 $5 $9 2 $3 $7 3 $2 4 $1 5 $0

40. Marginal willingness to pay higher taxes Society’s Demand (MSB)
Demand for a New Park
Marginal willingness to pay higher taxes
# of Parks
Adam is willing to pay
Jill is willing to pay
Society’s Demand (MSB)
Marginal Cost per Park 1 $4 $5 $9 2 $3 $7 3 $2 4 $1 5 $0

41. Marginal willingness to pay higher taxes Society’s Demand (MSB)
Demand for a New Park
Marginal willingness to pay higher taxes
# of Parks
Adam is willing to pay
Jill is willing to pay
Society’s Demand (MSB)
Marginal Social Cost 1 $4 $5 $9 2 $3 $7 3 $2 4 $1 5 $0

42. Supply and Demand for Public Parks
Price
$ 9 7 5 3 1
The Demand is the equal to the marginal benefit to society
D=MSB
Quantity of Parks

43. MSB = MSC Supply and Demand for Public Parks $ 9 7 5 3 1 0 1 2 3 4 5
What if the government made 1 park?
What if the government made 4 parks?
Price
$ 9 7 5 3 1
MSB = MSC
S=MSC
The supply is the public good’s marginal cost to society
D=MSB
Quantity of Parks