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Early Psychologists WilhelmWundt- “Father” of Psychology,
German, opened first laboratory- first one to set forth that psychology was a science E. B. Titchener – Wundt’s student Structuralism (theory that thoughts and sensations determine conscious experiences- so an understanding of how the brain works leads to an understanding of consciousness)
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Early Psychologists William James – First American Psychologist wrote the 1st textbook, established Functionalism- theory focused on the ways consciousness helps people adapt to their environment. Sigmund Freud – the first complete theory of personality- “psychoanalytic perspective” theory that personality/behavior comes from unconscious drives/conflicts and relied on personal observation and reflection not experimentation.
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Early Psychologists Ivan Pavlov- Russian, studied animal learning – inspired a push towards observable behavior instead of reflective self-examination – famous for his dog experiment. John B Watson- Did not put much stock in the unconscious or invisible processes, founded “behaviorism” -the study of observable and objective acts and how people learn. B.F. Skinner- also a behaviorist but now they combine a study of observable behavior AND unseen mental processes.
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Early Psychologists Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers – Humanist psychologists, emphasized conscious experiences and free will- believed that all humans want to be the best they can be in their situations and rejected the idea of reward and reinforcements
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Thinking Like a Psychologist
Understand that “common sense” and long-held beliefs are often imprecise Psychologists use critical thinking and evidence to draw more accurate conclusions
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Requires an open mind and a willingness to admit you’re wrong
Critical Thinking The ability to Reflect Evaluate Compare Analyze Critique Synthesize Requires an open mind and a willingness to admit you’re wrong Synthesizing: to make (something) by combining different things.
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Our Perspective is the key of our interpretation.
There are 6 classic Schools (Perspectives) of Psychology -Biological -Sociocultural -Behavioral -Humanistic -Cognitive -Psychodynamic Psychologists from these different schools use their preferred framework to examine, analyze and determine the why behind the observed behavior. They are not exclusive and many psychologists will use a combination of the schools within one scenario.
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The Outrageous Celebrity—Dennis Rodman
Behaviors Cursing in public and on live t.v. Cross-dressing A plethora of piercings and tattoos Frequently changing hair styles and colors Temper tantrums Head-butting referee Kicking a cameraman in the groin Dated Madonna Arrested for felony domestic violence; no contest to misdemeanor spousal battery charges He’s buddies with Kim Jong-Un
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Why? Biological Maybe he has a high level of estrogen/low testosterone that brings out his feminine side
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Why? Behavioral Maybe his father and grandfather frequently dyed & designed their hair. Dennis OBSERVED (learned) this throughout his life (they were his male role models) and he is now imitating the same behaviors.
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Why? Cognitive Maybe he THINKS his role in the NBA is to bring attention to his team in the media. His temper tantrums gets the team the attention it needs (and it pays off with big profits! It sells tickets!)
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Why? Social-cultural Is it really that unusual for celebrity CULTURE? These sorts of outrageous behaviors occur often “in Hollywood” and are widely accepted
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Why? Humanistic DR has low self esteem and lacks a sense of belonging. Traveling to North Korea to hang out with Kim Jong Un gives him a sense of meaningfulness in his life. ….the former basketball star, returned Tuesday to North Korea, where he said he planned to see “my friend” Kim Jong-un, the dictator whose country until recently was threatening to annihilate the United States with nuclear weapons
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Why? Psychodynamic Maybe he was physically abused by his father. Being violent and scaring people gives him a sense of control that he never felt as a child. Now it’s your turn…
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Six Schools & Research Practice Quiz
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ABCD Dr. Barr attributes the criminal behaviors of many teens to the pressures associated with being members of street gangs. A. psychoanalytic B. cognitive C. social-cultural D. humanistic
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ABCD Mrs. Weber believes that her son learned to play the tuba because she consistently rewarded his efforts to learn with praise and affection. A. behavioral B. humanistic C. psychoanalytic D. cognitive
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ABCD Professor Zember believes that most women prefer tall and physically strong partner because this preference enhanced the reproductive success of our female ancestors A. behavioral B. social cultural C. evolutionary D. psychoanalytic
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ABCD Sally has become the class clown because she doesn’t feel like she fits in with her peers and when they laugh with her she feels like she belongs. A. biological B. social cultural C. behavioral D. humanistic
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ABCD A psychologist interested in increasing psychology’s scientific knowledge base is doing _______________ research. A. Applied B. Investigative C. Basic D. Difficult
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ABCD John doesn’t get along well with female teachers because of hidden conflict with his mother. A. humanistic B. behavioral C. psychodynamic D. cognitive
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ABCD John Nash suffered from schizophrenia due to abnormally high levels of dopamine in this brain. A. cognitive B. biological C. social cultural D. psychodynamic
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ABCD What is the main difference between clinical psychologists and academic psychologists? A. clinical psych. conduct basic research; academic psych. conduct applied research B. clinical psych. are MDs; academic psych. are PhDs C. Clinical psych. diagnose and treat patients; academic psychologists conduct research D. Clinical psych. never do research and academic psychologists always do
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Positive Psychology Inspired by humanists Founded by Martin Seligman
The study of human strengths, virtues and effective functioning Answers questions like: How can I make my life more productive and fulfilling? What are my talents and strengths, and how can I nurture them? What are the keys to happiness?
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Explanatory Styles When something goes wrong do you explain it as….
Optimistic Pessimistic Temporary Not your fault Won’t spread beyond present circumstances Blame yourself Catastrophize the event See it as beyond your control Explanatory Style: the way we explain events to ourselves, especially how we explain our own successes or setbacks. Link between those with pessimistic style and external locus of control. Pessimists more likely to get bad grades, experience depression, and have a shorter life span due to poor health. Cognitive therapists teach clients to think constructively instead of destructively Friend is angry: I am a bad fried. Feelings of depression OR Friend is angry. I should apologize and make it up to her b/c I made a mistake. No depression.
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Scoring Your Optimism Test
Permanence of Bad (PmB) “How long will things stay bad?” Always/Forever = Pessimistic OR Not long = Optimistic Add up score on items 5, 13, 20, 21, 29, 33, 42, 46 Total of 0 or 1 very optimistic 2 or 3 mod. optimistic 4 average 5 or 6 mod. pessimistic 7 or 8 very pessimistic
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Scoring Your Optimism Test Permanence of Good (PmG) “How long will things stay Good?” Always/Forever = Optimistic OR Not long = Pessimistic Add up score on items 2, 10, 14, 15, 24, 26, 38, 40 Total of 7 or 8 very optimistic 6 mod. optimistic 4 or 5 average 3 mod. pessimistic 0, 1 or 2 very pessimistic
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Scoring Your Optimism Test Pervasiveness of Bad (PvB) “Where is the bad in my life?” Only in this area = Optimistic OR Everywhere! = Pessimistic Add up score on items 8, 9, 16, 17, 18, 22, 32, 44, 48 Total of 0 or 1 very optimistic 2 or 3 mod. optimistic 4 average 5 or 6 mod. pessimistic 7 or 8 very pessimistic
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Scoring Your Optimism Test Pervasiveness of Good (PvG) “Where is the good in my life?” Everywhere! = Optimistic OR Only in this area = Pessimistic Add up score on items 6, 7, 28, 31, 34, 35, 37, 43 Total of 7 or 8 very optimistic 6 mod. optimistic 4 or 5 average 3 mod. pessimistic 0, 1 or 2 very pessimistic
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Scoring Your Optimism Test Personalization of Bad (PsB) “Where does the bad come from?” Outside forces = High S.E. OR I’m the source= Low S.E. Add up score on items 3, 19, 25, 30, 39, 41, 47 Total of 0 or 1 very high self esteem 2 or 3 mod. high self esteem 4 average 5 or 6 mod. low self esteem 7 or 8 very low self esteem
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Scoring Your Optimism Test Personalization of Good (PsG) “Where does the good come from?” I’m the source = High S.E. OR Outside Forces = Low S.E. Add up score on items 1, 4, 11, 12, 23, 27, 36, 45 Total of 7 or 8 High Self-esteem 6 mod. High self esteem 4 or 5 average 3 mod. Low self-esteem 0, 1 or 2 very low self-esteem
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Overall scores Add three B’s Add three G’s PmB PmG PvB PvG PsB PsG
Total B Add three G’s PmG PvG PsG Total G Total G minus Total B = Total optimism score
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Total B score 3 to 6 marvelously optimistic
6 to 9 moderately optimistic 10 or 11 average moderately pessimistic 15 or over very pessimistic
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Total G score 19 or higher marvelously optimistic
17 to 19 moderately optimistic 14 to 16 average 11 to 13 moderately pessimistic 10 or less very pessimistic
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Total optimism score (G-B)
9 or above optimistic across the board 6 to 8 moderately optimistic 3 to 5 average 1 or 2 moderately pessimistic 0 very pessimistic
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Hope score How much you believe things can change for you.
Add PvB ( Bad is everywhere) and PmB (Bad is always) Total of 0, 1 or 2 very hopeful 3 to 6 mod. Hopeful 7 or 8 average 9 to mod. hopeless 12 to very hopeless
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Martin Seligman A New Era
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