1. Chapter 12 Population Growth and Urbanization

2. Myth or Fact?
The most important factor in controlling world population growth is technology, especially contraception.
U.S. cities are segregated because whites and non-whites don’t want to live in the same neighborhoods.
The U.S. achieved zero population growth when the birthrate dropped below replacement rate in the 1970s.
Suburban growth in the U.S. began because people wanted larger homes and more land.
Myth
Myth

3. Studying Population Population Demography
Total number of people inhabiting a particular geographic area at a specific time
Demography
Study of the size, composition and distribution of human populations
How these factors change over time

4. Elements of Demographic Change
Fertility
Actual number of children born
Crude birth rate—the number of live births a year per 1,000 in a population
Fecundity—the biological maximum number of children a woman could bear
Mortality
Number of deaths in a population
Crude death rate—total number of deaths a year per 1,000 in a population
Infant mortality—rate of death among infants under 1 year
Life Expectancy
Average number of years people can expect to live
Rate of natural increase
The difference between crude birth and death rates
Migration
Permanent change of residence
Immigration—movement into a country
Emigration—movement out of a country

5. Global Fertility Rates

7. Global Life Expectancy

8. Global Infant Mortality Rates

9. Global Migration

11. World Population Growth

12. Doubling time
Years required for world population to double

13. Population Growth

14. Population Projections

15. Population Growth and Industrialization

16. U.S. Population Projections

17. World Population Trends
Demographic transition
Changing patterns of birth and death rates brought about by industrialization
Demographic gap
Gap between high birth rates and low death rates
Carrying capacity
The upper-size limit imposed on a population by its environmental resources
And that cannot be exceeded

18. Four Stages of Demographic Transition
Preindustrial Stage
High Birth Rates and
High Death Rates
Early Industrial Stage
High Birth Rates and
Declining Death Rates
Industrial Stage
Declining Death Rates and
Declining Birth Rates
Postindustrial Stage
Low Birth Rates
and Low Death Rates

19. Demographic Transition

20. “NOVA— World in the Balance: The Population Paradox”
Video Presentation:
“NOVA— World in the Balance: The Population Paradox”

21. Perspectives on Population Growth
Functionalism
Thomas Malthus – “Essay on the Principles of Population”
Concern about population boom in Europe during Industrial Revolution
The Malthusian Theorem
Food production growth is additive
Population growth is exponential
The “Malthusian Trap”
Population growth as a social problem
Relationship between population growth and exhaustion of available resources

22. Perspectives on Population Growth
Conflict Theory
Population problems due to inequitable distribution of resources
Rather than lack of resources
Population as a social problem
When those in control artificially limit the available resources
In order to benefit one group or make a profit
Interactionism
Population a social problem
Focus on subjective experience of reality
Related to definitions about what is desirable or essential

23. Consequences of World Population Growth

24. Consequences of Population Growth
Crowding
Associated with other social problems
Poverty, violence, crime
Food shortages
Efforts focused on sea, farmland and yield increases
The “Green Revolution”
Biotechnology and modified species
Depletion of resources
Shortages of fossil fuels
Inter-group conflict
Competition for scarce resources
Space and food

25. Future Prospects: Population Problems
Zero Population Growth
Nearly equal birth and death rates
Produce a zero rate of natural increase
Family Planning
Reproductive choices
Programs to change culture and values
Economic Development
In developing countries
Urbanization, education, rising standards of living
Incentives
Usually economic
Tax breaks, trust funds
Status of Women
Promote greater equality
Education, employment, political participation

26. The History of Cities All humans organize lives into communities
Groups of people who share:
A common territory
Sense of identity or belonging
Who interact with one another
Cities are:
Relatively large, permanent communities
Reliant on surrounding agricultural communities for food supply
History of communities
Ancient: small bands of hunter-gatherers
8,000 BC: larger villages with cultivation and domestication
500 BC: large cities

27. The Growth of Cities Urbanization: Suburbs: Suburbanization:
Process whereby cities grow and societies become more urban
Industrialization (18th—19th century)
Change in the U.S.
1800: ~ 6% lived in cities
2000: ~ 80% lived in cities
Suburbs:
On the outskirts of cities
Less densely populated
Primarily residential
Suburbanization:
Government policies (1930s)
Federal Housing Administration (FHA)
Veteran’s Administration (VA)
Economy and technology (1940s-50s)
Change in U.S.
1970: 75% of suburban residents both live and work in suburbs
2000: 60% of urban population lives in suburbs

28. Urban/Rural Makeup of U.S.

30. How Urban Is Your State?

31. Urban Density in the U.S. (2006)
Population per square mile
U.S. average: 79
Rural area average: 15
Urban density
Minneapolis: 1,800
Portland: 3,000
Los Angeles: 8,000
Philadelphia: 10,000
Chicago: 12,000
San Francisco: 15,000
Isla Vista: 18,000 (per ½ sq. mile)
New York City: 27,000 (Manhattan: 70,000)

32. Urban Density in the U.S.

33. Shrinking and Growing Cities

34. Global Cities: 1,000,000+ residents

35. Global Megacities

36. “NOVA— World in the Balance: China Revs Up”
Video Presentation:
“NOVA— World in the Balance: China Revs Up”

37. Problems in Cities in the U.S.
Economic Decline
Housing
Segregation
Crime
Educational Problems

39. Problems in Cities in the U.S.
Economic Decline
Flight of people and jobs from cities
Financial collapse of cities in Northeast and Midwest
Housing
Deterioration and abandonment of neighborhoods
Inadequate affordable housing
Segregation
Ghetto
A neighborhood inhabited largely by members of a single ethnic or racial group
Exacerbates poverty, racial tensions
Crime
The larger the city, the higher the crime rate
More likely in inner-cities where poor and minorities live
Educational Problems
Poor communities cannot afford expenses

40. Urban Flight

43. Perspectives on Urbanization
Functionalism
Urban conditions become social problems
When they become dysfunctional
When they lead to social disorganization
Conflict Theory
Due to social inequality
Inner-city residents have little economic and political power
Interactionism
When defined subjectively
Urban conditions “worsened” in 1980s-90s

44. Future Prospects: Urban Problems
Federal Grants and Programs
Urban renewal and community block grants
Rebuild blighted areas
Provide low-cost housing
Stimulate private investment
Private Investment
Focus on making cities a better places to live
“Enterprise zones”
Community Development
Combines private and public resources
Involves community stakeholders in planning
Resettlement of Cities
Encouraging homeowners to move back to cities
“Urban homesteading”
“Gentrification”
Regional Planning and Cooperation
Many problems benefit from regional decision making