1. 6-3 How Does a Population’s Age Structure Affect Its Growth or Decline?
Concept 6-3 The numbers of males and females in young, middle, and older age groups determine how fast a population grows or declines.

2. A Population’s Age Structure Helps Us Make Projections
Age structure categories help demographers to make _____________________ about the future population growth of a country
Prereproductive ages (0-14)
Reproductive ages (15-44)
Postreproductive ages (45 and older)
_______________ are currently the fastest-growing age group for world population
Declining birth rates
Longer life expectancies
projections
Seniors

3. Generalized Population Age-Structure Diagrams
Figure 6.12: This chart represents the generalized population age-structure diagrams for countries with rapid (1.5–3%), slow (0.3–1.4%), zero (0–0.2%), and negative (declining) population growth rates. A population with a large proportion of its people in the prereproductive age group (far left) has a significant potential for rapid population growth. See an animation based on this figure at CengageNOW. Question: Which of these diagrams best represents the country where you live? (Data from Population Reference Bureau)
Fig. 6-12, p. 136

4. Population Structure by Age and Sex in Developing and Developed Countries
Figure 6.13: Global outlook: These charts illustrate population structure by age and sex in less-developed countries and more-developed countries for Question: If all girls under 15 were to have only one child during their lifetimes, how do you think these structures would change over time? (Data from United Nations Population Division and Population Reference Bureau)
Most future population growth will take place in __________
LDCs
Fig. 6-13, p. 136

5. Tracking the Baby-Boom Generation in the United States
For decades, members of the baby boom generation have strongly influenced the U.S. economy
Make up _______ of U.S. adults
Looks like a ____________ moving up through a U.S. age structure graph
36%
bulge
Figure 6.14: These charts track the baby-boom generation in the United States, showing the U.S. population by age and sex for 1955, 1985, 2015 (projected), and 2035 (projected). See an animation based on this figure at CengageNOW. (Data from U.S. Census Bureau)

6. This group dominates our population’s demand for ____________________
Play an increasingly important role in who gets _______________ to public office and what _______ are passed
When the economic downturn began in 2007, many of these individuals lost their ________ and ______________
After 2030, one in every _______ people in America will be older than age 65…process called the ____________ of America
goods and services
elected
laws
jobs
pensions 5
“graying”

7. Populations Made Up of Mostly Older People Can Decline Rapidly
Population declines can have _____________ economic effects…
If the change is slow enough it is _______________
Rapid decline
Strain on government budgets for ________________ and _______________ funds
Proportionally fewer young people working that collectively contribute __________ in taxes
Labor shortages unless we rely on ________________ or ____________________
harmful
manageable
medical care
pension
less
automation
immigration

8. Some Problems with Rapid Population Decline
Can threaten economic growth
Labor shortages
Less government revenues with fewer workers
Less entrepreneurship and new business formation
Less likelihood for new technology development
Figure 6.15: Rapid population decline can cause several problems. Question: Which three of these problems do you think are the most important?
Increasing public deficits to fund higher pension and health-care costs
Pensions may be cut and retirement age increased
Fig. 6-15, p. 138

9. Populations Can Decline from a Rising Death Rate: The AIDS Tragedy
Increasing death rates, due to a pandemic like AIDS, can also lead to population decline
______ million killed:
Many young ______________ die:
loss of most productive workers
Children _________________
Drop in life expectancy…in several African countries ___________ of the population is infected with HIV 27
adults
orphaned
15-26%

10. Botswana Age Structure, With and Without AIDS
Figure 6.16: Global outlook: Worldwide, AIDS is the leading cause of death for people ages 15–49. This loss of productive working adults can affect the age structure of a population. In Botswana, more than 24% of this age group was infected with HIV in 2008 and about 148,000 people died. This figure shows two projected age structures for Botswana’s population in 2020—one including the possible effects of the AIDS epidemic (red bars), and the other not including those effects (yellow bars). See the Data Analysis Exercise at the end of this chapter for further analysis of this problem. (Data from the U.S. Census Bureau) Question: How might this affect Botswana’s economic development?
Fig. 6-16, p. 139

11. International communities are needed to help countries ravaged by AIDS
Reduce the ______________ of HIV through education and health care
Provide funding for _______________ teachers, health-care and social workers to compensate for their missing young adult generation
transmission
volunteer

12. 6-4 How Can We Slow Human Population Growth?
Concept 6-4 We can slow human population growth by reducing poverty, elevating the status of women, and encouraging family planning.

13. As Countries Develop, Their Populations Tend to Grow More Slowly
Through studies, demographers have developed a hypothesis for population change called _______________ _________________
As countries become industrialized and economically developed, first __________ rates decline, then ___________ rates decline
Four stages
Preindustrial…slow growth due to high birth _______ death rates
Transitional… ____ growth due to drop in _________ rates
Industrial… _____ growth due to drop in __________ rates
Postindustrial…population ______________
demographic
transition
death
birth
AND J
death S
birth
may decline

14. Birth rate and death rate
Population
grows very
slowly because
of a high
birth rate
(to compensate
for high infant
mortality) and a
high death rate
Stage 1
Preindustrial
Growth rate over time 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10
(number per 1,000 per year)
Birth rate and death rate
Low
Death rate
Total population
Birth rate
Population grows rapidly because birth rates are high and death rates drop because of improved food production and health
Decreasing
Stage 2
Transitional
Increasing
Very high
Population growth slows as both birth
and death rates drop because of improved food production, health, and education
Stage 3
Industrial
Low
Population growth levels off and then declines as birth rates equal and then fall below death rates
Stage 4
Postindustrial
Negative
Zero
Stepped Art
Fig. 6-17, p. 140

15. TFR in Bangladesh and U.S., 1800-2010
U.S. has entered stage _____ (post-industrial); Bangladesh is
_________________ stage 4 4
approaching
Figure 6.18: This graph tracks demographic transition in terms of the average lifetime number of births per woman (TFR) in Bangladesh and in the United States, 1800–2010. Question: What role do you think economic development has played in the different paths that these two countries have taken toward making a demographic transition? (Data from Population Reference Bureau, World Population Data Sheet 2009 and 2010; Bangladesh: United Nations Demographic and Heath Surveys; United States: Ansley Coale and Melvin Zeinik and National Center for Health Statistics)
Fig. 6-18, p. 140

16. Some analysts fear that some LDCs will be stuck in stage 2 (transitional stage) due to…
____________________ growth
____________ poverty
Increasing ________________ degradation
Referred to as ____________ states…government can no longer provide their people with _________ services, like food security, health care, and education
exponential
extreme
environmental
failing
basic

17. Empowering Women Can Slow Population Growth
Factors that can decrease total fertility rates for women?
Education
Paying jobs
Ability to control fertility
Living in societies that do not suppress their rights

18. Burkina Faso Women Hauling Fuelwood
Globally , women account for ________ of all hours worked, but only
receive _______ of the world’s income
2/3
10%
Figure 6.20: These women from a village in the West African country of Burkina Faso are bringing home fuelwood. Typically, they spend two hours a day, two or three times a week, searching for and hauling fuelwood.
Fig. 6-20, p. 141

19. Women also make up ______ of the world’s poor and 64% of its 800 million _________________ adults
Because sons are more valued than daughters in many societies, girls are often kept at home to do work instead of being sent to school
Globally, the number of school-age girls that do not attend elementary school is ___________________
Societies where women can’t read…average of ________ children
Societies where women can read….average of ____________ children
70%
illiterate
900 million
5-7
2 or less

20. Promote Family Planning
Family planning provides _________________ and clinical services that help couples choose how many children to have and when to have them in less-developed countries
Programs vary from culture to culture, but most provide information on birth ______________, birth control, and _______________ for pregnant women and infants
educational
spacing
health care

21. Promote Family Planning
Responsible for a _______ drop in TFRs
_______________ benefits: each dollar spent on family planning saves _________ in health, education, and social service costs
_________________ the number of abortions performed each year
Decreases _______________ during pregnancy
Problem? Many couples still do not have access to family planning services
55%
Financial
$10
Reduces
death

22. Case Study: Slowing Population Growth in India
Projected to be the world’s most populous country in ___________ with a population of _____ billion by 2050
Problems
World’s fourth largest economy: growing __________ class
_____ out of every four of India’s urban population live in ________
Malnutrition and environmental degradation
2/3 of India’s population lives in ___________ areas that progress has not touched
2015
1.74
middle 1
slums
rural

23. Slum in India More than _____________ people are packed into this huge
200,000
Figure 6.19: More than 200,000 people are packed into this huge slum in India. Residents tend to have a large number of children as a survival mechanism. Economic development that provides jobs and more economic security would help to reduce the average number of children per woman and slow population growth.
Fig. 6-19, p. 141

24. India established their first national family planning program in __________
Although most Indian couples have access to some sort of modern birth control method, only ______ actually use it…
Couples need several children to ________ and care for them in their old age
Boys are preferred…so many couples _____________ to have children until one or more boys are produced
1952
48%
work
continue

25. Three Big Ideas This chapter’s three big ideas…
The human population is increasingly rapidly and may soon bump up against environmental _____________.
Even if population growth were not a serious problem, the
increasing use of _______________ per person is expanding the overall human ecological _______________.
3. We can slow human population growth by reducing ________________ through economic development, elevating the status of ____________, and encouraging family ______________.
What are three main strategies that can help slow population growth?
limits
resources
footprint
poverty
women
planning

26. Review Questions
What problems may arise when a population rapidly declines?
2. What are the four stages of demographic transition?
What are three main strategies that can help slow population growth?
Slower economic growth, labor shortage, fewer taxpayers
preindustrial
transitional
industrial
postindustrial
Promoting
family planning
Reducing poverty
(economic growth)
Empowering
women