1. Early Middle Ages 500 to 1000 A.D.

2. SOL Standards Essential Questions
How and why did the Church grow in importance during the Middle Ages?
How did a feudal society develop in Europe during the Middle Ages?
How did the medieval manor function as a social and economic system?
How did Charlemagne revive the idea of the Roman Empire?
How did invasions by the Angles, Saxons, Magyars, and Vikings influence the development of Europe?

3. Germanic Kingdoms
Between 400 and 700 A.D., the Germanic tribes carved up western Europe into small kingdoms.

4. The Franks were the strongest and most successful of the Germanic kingdoms.
Frankish kings used military power to expand their territory.

5. Clovis became king of the Franks.
Conquered the former Roman province of Gaul.
He converted to Christianity and gained a powerful ally, the Roman Catholic Church.

6. Germanic Kingdoms Emerge
Charles Martel or Charles the Hammer
By 719, Charles held more power than the king as mayor of the palace
Charles was part of the Franks and therefore was Christian

7. Germanic Kingdoms Emerge
Charles Martel or Charles the Hammer
Defeated Muslim raiders from Spain at the Battle of Tours in 732
Historians argue that if the Christians had lost, Muslims could have taken over Europe
Charles was a Christian hero; Christianity wins

8. The Roman Catholic Church grew in importance after Roman authority declined.
The Church became the unifying force in Western Europe.

9. During the Middle Ages, the Pope anointed the Holy Roman Emperors.
Missionaries carried Christianity and Latin alphabet to the Germanic tribes.

10. Charlemagne, Charles the Great, built a short-lived empire reaching across France, Germany, and a part of Italy.

11. Charlemagne as King
Charles the Great, better known as Charlemagne takes over in 771
Imposing figure standing 6 foot 4 inches tall
Was now the most powerful king in Western Europe
Charlemagne built an empire greater than any known since the Romans
His conquests against the Muslims to the south and east spread Christianity
He united Western Europe for the first time since the Roman Empire
The empire became known as the Holy Roman Empire
Charlemagne strengthened his power by weakening power of the nobles
Sent out royal agents to check on powerful landowners
Regularly visited his kingdom
Encouraged learning- surrounded himself with scholars and opened new monasteries

12. Germanic Kingdoms Emerge
In 800, he traveled to Rome to protect the pope  the pope rewards Charlemagne by crowning him emperor
This historic coronation showed that the pope had more power than the king

13. His military conquests helped to spread Christianity and the blending of German, Roman, and Christian traditions throughout Western Europe.

14. Germanic Kingdoms Emerge
Charlemagne died in 814, his grand sons split up the kingdom- bad idea
Kings from his family lost power and authority broke down
This lead to the rise of feudalism

15. New Invasions in Western Europe
Invasions by the Vikings, Magyars, Angles, and Saxons disrupted the social, economic, and political order of Europe.

16. Areas of Settlement
Vikings
Were expert sailors and ferocious fighters that originated in Scandinavia and looted and burned communities from Ireland to Russia.

17. Scandinavian countries include: Norway, Finland, Sweden, and Denmark.

18. Magyars
They were nomadic people that overran Central Asia and then blundered parts of Germany and France.

19. After 50 years they were turned back and settled into what is present day Hungary.

20. Angles and Saxons
Angles and Saxons were Germanic tribes that invaded England (Angles Land).

21. Influences of these invasions:
These invasions disrupted trade, towns declined, and the feudal system was strengthened.

22. Manors with castles provided protection from invaders, reinforcing the feudal system.

23. Feudalism in Europe
The decline of Roman influence in Western Europe left people with little protection against invasions, so they entered into feudal agreements with landholding lords who promised them protection.

24. Feudal Society During The Middle Ages
A new Social Order. Based on a rigid class system.
King
Lords
KnightsVassals
Serfs (peasants)

25. Feudalism was based on mutual obligations
Feudalism was based on mutual obligations. In exchange for military protection and other services, a lord, or landowner, granted land called a fief.
The lords were seen to have the power. Kings were a figure head with very little power or control over the people.

26. The person receiving this land, fief, is a vassal
The person receiving this land, fief, is a vassal. A vassal in return would pledge his loyalty and service to the lord.

27. Knights were mounted warriors who pledged to defend their lords’ lands in exchange for a fief.

28. Serfs were peasants. They were bound to the land
Serfs were peasants. They were bound to the land. The serfs worked the land for the protection of the lords. Most of the population were peasants.

29. Manorial System During the Middle Ages
Manors were the lords’ estates. It was the basic economic system.
Manors were a self-sufficient community. Everything one needed was obtained within the manor. From crops, clothing, fuel, to a water source.

30. Influence of the Roman Catholic Church:
With the decline of the Roman Empire, the Roman Catholic Church grew in importance.
The Church hoped to influence both spiritually and politically with the crowning of Charlemagne.

31. It became the unifying force in western Europe.
Monasteries preserved Greco-Roman cultural achievements.
Missionaries carried Christianity and Latin alphabet to Germanic tribes.

32. The Church served the social, political, and religious needs of the people.
Clergy, which consisted of Priest and Nuns, assisted the people in many of their needs. Such as aiding the sick and the poor.

33. The Church and the Monarchs competed for power.
Vs.

34. Roman Catholic Church Ranking
Clergy are religious officials.
Pope heads the Church.
Bishops and priest were under his authority.
Sacrements - important religious ceremonies. These rites paved the way to salvation.

35. The Power of the Church Education Women, or nuns, lived in convents
The Church offered the only place to receive an education in the Middle Ages
Monasteries were religious communities for men
Men in monasteries were called monks and gave up possessions to devote a life serving God
Women, or nuns, lived in convents

36. The Power of the Church Far-Reaching Authority of the Church
The Christian Church was becoming secular or worldly; extending its influence into all aspects of daily life especially politics
Example of Secular: Pope Gregory I used church revenues to raise armies, repair roads, and help the poor
The Church sought to influence spiritual and political matters when it crowned Charlemagne Roman Emperor in 800
Pope Gelasius I suggested that God had created two swords:
One sword was religious ----> held by pope
One sword was political ----> held by the emperor
Pope bows to emperor in political matters
Emperor bows to pope in spiritual matters
If each kept authority in own realm, the two could live in harmony
Unfortunately, this separation of church and state didn’t always happen

37. The Power of the Church The Emperor Clashes with the Pope
Church unhappy with use of lay investiture
Lay investiture: Kings appointing church officials
Pope Gregory VII banned lay investiture in 1075
German Emperor Henry IV was furious with Pope Gregory VII
Henry demanded the pope step down; Gregory excommunicated Henry
Excommunication: taking away a person’s right of membership in the Church
Henry approached Gregory for forgiveness and was forced to wait in the snow for 3 days
Power of the Pope was much greater than German kings
Future kings would attempt to exert power over the papacy (pope)
These attempts would weaken German provinces in Europe

38. Result:
Throughout the Middle Ages, the power of the Church grew. It was able to provide unity, education, and strong empires even allowed popes to abandon morality and call for the bloody event known as The Crusades.