1. KEY CONCEPT Carbon-based molecules are the foundation of life.

2. Carbon atoms have unique bonding properties.
Carbon forms covalent bonds with up to four other atoms, including other carbon atoms.
Carbon-based molecules have three general types of structures.
straight chain
branched chain
ring

3. Many carbon-based molecules are made of many small subunits bonded together.
Monomers are the individual subunits.
Polymers are made of many monomers.

4. Integrating Chemistry – Types of reactions
Some polymers form through a process of dehydration, that is, a molecule of water is released as one or more monomer bonds to another. One provides a hydrogen (H) and the other provides a hydroxyl group (OH).
Some polymers can also be broken down in a reverse reaction called hydrolysis. The bonds between the monomers are broken by the addition of water molecules (H2O).

5. Four main types of carbon-based molecules are found in living things.
Carbohydrates are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
C, H and O are combined in a ratio of 1:2:1

6. Four main types of carbon-based molecules are found in living things.
1. Carbohydrates are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
Carbohydrates include sugars and starches.
Monosaccharides are simple sugars like glucose and fructose.
Disaccharides include sucrose, maltose and lactose
Polysaccharides include starches, cellulose, and glycogen.

7. Some carbohydrates are part of cell structure (cellulose).
Carbohydrates can be broken down to provide energy for cells (starch and glycogen). Glycogen is made by animals and stored in their liver.
Some carbohydrates are part of cell structure (cellulose).
Polymer (starch)
Starch is a polymer of glucose monomers that often has a branched structure. Starch is made and stored by plants. They break it down for energy.
Polymer (cellulose)
Cellulose is a polymer of glucose monomers that has a straight, rigid structure. It is used and the building block of plant cell structure. It is the tough outer covering of plant cells.
monomer
Where do we find starches?

8. Many contain carbon chains called fatty acids.
2. Lipids are nonpolar molecules that include fats, oils, and cholesterol.
Many contain carbon chains called fatty acids.
Fats and oils contain fatty acids bonded to glycerol.
Triglyceride

9. Lipids have several different functions.
broken down as a source of energy (fats and oils)
make up cell membranes (phospholipids and cholesterol)
used to make hormones (cholesterol makes steroid hormones like testosterone and estrogen)

10. Fats and oils have different types of fatty acids.
saturated fatty acids (common in animal fats)
unsaturated fatty acids
Saturated fatty acid are CH2 and unstaturated is CH. Why do Unstaturated fatty acids need double bonds?

11. Phospholipids make up all cell membranes.
Polar phosphate “head”
Nonpolar fatty acid “tails”
Phospholipid
If a molecule is nonpolar, how will it react with water?
How would the polar head of a phospholipid respond to water molecules?
How would the nonpolar tails respond to water molecules?

12. 3. Proteins are polymers of amino acid monomers.
Twenty different amino acids are used to build proteins in organisms.
They are the most varied of the carbon-based molecules and function in movement, eyesight or digestions and many other things.
Fig. Serine is one of 20 amino acids that make up proteins in organisms

13. Proteins are polymers of amino acid monomers.
Twenty different amino acids are used to build proteins in organisms.
Amino acids differ in side groups, or R groups.

14. Proteins are polymers of amino acid monomers.
Twenty different amino acids are used to build proteins in organisms.
Amino acids differ in side groups, or R groups.
Amino acids are linked by peptide bonds.

15. Proteins differ in the number and order of amino acids.
Amino acids interact to give a protein its shape. Primary structure (amino acid chain), secondary structure (folds, alpha or beta), tertiary structure (overall shape).
hydrogen bond
Hemoglobin
Incorrect amino acids change a protein’s structure and function.

16. Hemoglobin and Sickle Cell Anemia
Hemoglobin in red blood cells transports oxygen. Just one amino acid change causes red blood cells to have the curved shape characteristic of sickle cell anemia. (colored SEM; magnification 3500 X)

17. 4. Nucleic acids are polymers of monomers called nucleotides.
They carry detailed instructions to build proteins.

18. Nucleic acids are polymers of monomers called nucleotides.
Nucleotides are made of a sugar, phosphate group, and a nitrogen base.
A phosphate group
nitrogen-containing molecule, called a base
deoxyribose (sugar)

19. Nucleic acids are polymers of monomers called nucleotides.
Nucleotides are made of a sugar, phosphate group, and a nitrogen base.
DNA stores genetic information.
DNA
RNA builds proteins.
RNA
Apply: What is the relationship between proteins and nucleic acids?