1. Unit 1

2. Environmental Science
Earth Science
Environmental Science
The composition, structure, & functions of the Earth & it’s place in the universe.
The interactions between the living & nonliving parts of the Earth.
plate tectonics, weather events, space, the sun, weathering, soil, water currents, rock cycle
food webs, agriculture, pollution, deforestation, habitat destruction, compost, population growth

3. branch of Earth Science
“sphere”
Geology
Geosphere
study of the Earth’s structure & development
all parts of the Earth’s layers (crust, mantle, & core)
Meteorology
Atmosphere
study of Earth’s atmosphere & weather
all the gases that surround Earth
Oceanography
Hydrosphere
study of the biology, chemical composition, and structure of the oceans
all water on earth including its movement & composition (97% salt, 3% fresh)
Ecology
Biosphere
study of interactions between living & nonliving things
all the living things on Earth (from ocean floor to atmosphere)
Astronomy
Space
study of Earth’s place in the universe
anything beyond Earth’s atmosphere

4. Clean up all water from the floor Safety Shower & Eye Wash Station
Gas nozzles
Perpendicular when turned off
Fume hood
Used for taking fumes & smoke out of the room
Clean up all water from the floor
# 1 lab injury! – slipping on water on the floor
Safety Shower & Eye Wash Station
Only used in an EMERGENCY
Water flows onto the floor

6. Deduction: Reasoning from general principles to specific conclusions.
Observations
Learning about the natural world and the principles that explain these facts through the 5 senses.
Reasoning
Induction: Using several separate observations to arrive at general principles.
Ex. Most universities and colleges in Utah ban alcohol from campus. Therefore most universities and colleges in the U.S. ban alcohol from campus.
Deduction: Reasoning from general principles to specific conclusions.
Ex. Detective, Scientists
"Inductive reasoning deals with probability, and generally goes from the particular to a universal. Deductive reasoning deals with certainty, and goes from the universal to a particular."

7. Purpose/Question Background Information Hypothesis Experiment1
Purpose/Question
Why we are doing the experiment? 2
Background
Information
What do we already know that will help us? 3
Hypothesis
What do you predict will happen? – be specific. 4
Experiment
Do the lab to test hypothesis. 5
Data/Analysis
What did results of the experiment mean? 6
Conclusion
Present finding & restate hypothesis.

8. What makes a good hypothesis?
1 It has to have two variables… you change one and watch the effect on the other! *** If… then***
2 It must be testable… you have to be able to design a method in order to see if there is a relationship
***Do we prove something or disprove one particular hypothesis?***
3 It must be measurable… you need to be able to see a change (qualitative) or you need to be able to measure it (quantitative)

9. What makes a good hypothesis?
Checklist for a Good Hypothesis
When you have an idea for a hypothesis, it may help to write it several different ways. Review your choices and select a hypothesis that accurately describes what you are testing.
1. Does the hypothesis relate an independent and dependent variable? Can you identify the variables?
2. Can you test the hypothesis? In other words, could you design an experiment that would allow you to establish or disprove a relationship between the variables?
3. Would your experiment be safe and ethical?
4. Is there a simpler or more precise way to state the hypothesis? If so, rewrite it.

10. What makes a good hypothesis?
Chewing gum is delicious.
Chewing gum raises test scores.
If students chew gum during a test, they will earn higher scores.

11. Methods of Testing Hypotheses

12. Modes
1. If the water temperature decreases in the Laurentian Abyss, the amount of life there will decrease.
Physical Modeling
2. If Kudzu is left unattended, it will grow at an exponential rate.
Observation
3. The temperature on the surface of an asteroid is directly related to its distance from the sun.
Computer Modeling
100% pure cotton shirts provide more warmth than an 80% cotton 20% polyester blend.
Experiment

13. Hypothesis - has Independant/Dependant variable
A prediction about the world that is testable (If/Then)
(formed in a true/false statement).
Control Group
Changes are NOT applied to this group
Used as a comparison.
Experimental Group (also called Test Group)
Changes are applied to this group.
Independent Variable is applied to this group.

14. Independent Variable Dependent Variable Constant
The factor that is being tested or changed.
Dependent Variable
The factor that is responding to the changes of the independent variable.
Can be measured.
Constant
Any factor that remains the same in an experiment & does not affect it.
now practice identifying these variables…..

15. Qualitative Quantitative Written in words Description of something
Examples:
“The room is clean”
“The chair is blue”
Quantitative
Written with numbers
Amount of something
“There are 8 lab benches”
“ I am 6ft tall”

16. Qualitative, I feel… Quantitative, I feel… word or description Number
On a scale of ☹ 1→10 ☺

17. Scientific Law Scientific Theory Well-tested hypothesis
Regarded as true
Can be shown using MATH
Quantitative
Examples:
Law of Gravity
Laws of motion
Kepler’s Laws
Scientific Theory
Well-tested hypothesis
Regarded as true
Can be proven false if there is enough evidence
Qualitative
Examples:
Big Bang Theory
Theory of Evolution
Theory of Plate Tectonics

18. k h da d c m symbol metric system prefix kilo- hecto- deka- deci-
base unit
deci-
centi-
milli-
multiple
0.001
0.01
0.1 1 10
100
1000
length
Kilometer km
hectometer hm
dekameter dam
meter
decimeter dm
centimeter cm
millimeter mm
volume
kiloliter kL
hectoliter hL
dekaliter
daL
liter L
deciliter dL
centiliter cL
milliliter mL
mass
Kilogram kg
hectogram hg
dekagram dag
gram g
decigram dg
Centigram cg
milligram mg

19. American / English units Scientific / International / SI Units
Imperial System
Metric System
Length
inches, feet, miles
cm, meters, kilometers
Volume
fluid ounces, pints, quarts, gallons
mL, liters, kL
Mass
ounces, pounds
grams, kilograms
Temperature
Fahrenheit
Celsius
Velocity
mph
kph

20. Metric System Chart

21. Metric System Chart
Metric System Chart

22. Meniscus = the curve of water in a graduated cylinder,
always read from the bottom

24. Practice reading these measurements:1. 2. 3.
________ °C

25. High Accuracy High Precision
How close a measured value is to a true value
Precision
How close measured values are to each other
The more decimal points, the more precise a tool is
2.34 grams vs. 2.3 grams
Low Accuracy High Precision
High Accuracy Low Precision
High Accuracy High Precision

26. Accuracy Examples: Precision Examples:
Boiling point of water is 100⁰C but the thermometer
reads 99⁰C
The recipe calls for ¾ cup of sugar but your sister accidentally measures out ⅞ cup of sugar
Precision Examples:
Mr. McCutcheon says he has about 100 students but Mr. Harabin knows that he only has 89
Jimmy measured the ounces of gold he had at about 10 but Pauly knew that he had exactly 12.35

27. EXAMPLES:

28. Remember to count the movement of the decimal point and that becomes the exponent…. Left = + …. Right = -
Example 1
12, x 10⁴
Example 2
10,456, x 10⁷
Example 3
x 10-⁴

31. Density

32. Density