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2. Unit I Introduction to C
Contents :
Operators ,control structures, enumeration ,structure , union, macros , arrays ,functions and parameter passing in C ,scope rules , string manipulation , matrix operations.
Objective :
To understand the basic building blocks of C language.
To make the student comfortable in understanding the structure of the language.
To inspire the students for simple problem solving and inculcating problem tackling skills
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3. Introduction to C Operators Functions and parameter passing in C
control structures
Enumeration
Structure
Union
Macros
Functions and parameter passing in C
Arrays
Scope rules
String manipulation ,
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4. Introduction to C Motivation behind computers
It is an electronic machine
Alan Turing's shorthand codes
Developed by Dennis Ritchie
Flexible in nature
Procedure oriented language
Follows top down approach
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5. Operators in C Operators and Operands
Operators are the special symbols which are used to indicate the type of operation
operands are the data member or variables operating as per operation specified by operator.
One expression contains set operators and operands
There are six types of operator
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6. Arithmetic Operator
operators which are useful in performing mathematical calculations.
+ : Used to add two operands
- : Used to subtract two operands
*: Used to multiply two operands
/: Used to divide two operands
%: Find reminder of the division of two operand
To understand the operation assume variable A contains value 10 and variable contains value 5.
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7. Arithmetic Operator
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8. Relational Operator
operators which are useful in performing mathematical calculations.
< 
> :
< =:
>=:
==:
!=:
To understand the operation assume variable A contains value 10 and variable contains value 5.
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9. Relational Operator
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10. Logical Operator
operators which are useful in performing mathematical calculations.
&& : This is logical AND, it returns true when both the values are non zero
||: This is logical OR, it returns true when any of two value is non zero
!: This is logical NOT operator, it is used to reverse the logical state of operand
To understand the operation assume variable A contains value 10 and variable contains value 5.
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11. Logical Operator
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12. Other Operators Assignment Operators
Increments and Decrement Operators
Bitwise Operators: work on the binary data.
& | ^
To understand the operation assume variable A contains value 10 and variable contains value 5.
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13. Bitwise Operators
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14. Control Structures in C
Responsible to determine the sequence of other instructions in the program and for the reusability of the code
Conditional Branching:
if-----else statement
switch statement
Unconditional Branching:
Break statement
Goto statement:
Continue statement
Return statement
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15. Conditional Branching
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16. Control Structures in C
Responsible to determine the sequence of other instructions in the program and for the reusability of the code
Conditional Branching:
if-----else statement
switch statement
Unconditional Branching:
Break statement
Goto statement:
Continue statement
Return statement
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17. if-----else statement:
if (condition)           statement1           statement2
if-----else statement:
if (condition)
statement1;
else
statement2;
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18. switch statements: switch(expression) { case constant1: statements 1;
break;
case constant2:
statements 2;
…………………..
default:
statements n; }
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19. Unconditional Branching
Break statement:
transfer the flow of program outside the loop or “switch” statement
break;
Goto statement:
transfer the flow of program to any part of program           goto label name;
label name : statement
Continue statement:
flow of program to the loop control instruction.
Return statement :
terminates the execution of the current function and return control to the calling function.
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20. Enumeration in C language
‘act of counting’
defined by using keyword ‘enum’
By default indexing of enumeration starts with ‘0’
enum identifier {enumerator list};
enum identifier object-name;
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21. Structures in C language
‘user define data type
struct structure_name {
structure element1; :
:….. };
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22. union in C language ‘user define data type union union _name {
union element1; :
:….. };
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23. Macros in C language
‘Macro represents the majorly used instruction in the program’
Macros are expanded by the C preprocessor.
# define symbolic-name constant
Example: # define pi 3.14
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24. Arrays in C language:
Array is a data structure which stores the collection of similar types of element
Indexing of array always start with ‘0’
data type array name[Maximum size];
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25. Control Structures in C
Responsible to determine the sequence of other instructions in the program and for the reusability of the code
Conditional Branching:
if-----else statement
switch statement
Unconditional Branching:
Break statement
Goto statement:
Continue statement
Return statement
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26. Functions And Parameter Passing In C language:
block of code which is used to perform a specific task
Functions are useful to divide c programs into smaller modules.
function definition present outside the main function
Return Type Function name (Argument list) {
Statement 1;
Statement 2;
…………...
Statement n; }
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27. Parameter passing by value: :
#include <stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
/* function declaration goes here.*/
void swap( int p1, int p2 );
int main() {
int a = 10;
int b = 20;
printf("Before: Value of a = %d and value of b = %d\n", a, b );
swap( a, b );
printf("After: Value of a = %d and value of b = %d\n", a, b );
getch(); }
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28. Parameter passing by value:
void swap( int p1, int p2 ) { int t; t = p2; p2 = p1; p1 = t; printf("Value of a (p1) = %d and value of b(p2) = %d\n", p1, p2 ); } Output : Before: Value of a = 10 and value of b = 20 Value of a (p1) = 20 and value of b (p2) = 10 After: Value of a = 10 and value of b = 20
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29. Parameter passing by reference: :
#include <stdio.h> #include<conio.h> /* function declaration goes here.*/ void swap( int p1, int p2 ); int main() { int a = 10; int b = 20; printf("Before: Value of a = %d and value of b = %d\n", a, b ); swap( a, b ); printf("After: Value of a = %d and value of b = %d\n", a, b ); getch(); }
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30. Parameter passing by reference: :
void swap( int *p1, int *p2 ) {
int t;
t = *p2;
*p2 = *p1;
*p1 = t;
printf("Value of a (p1) = %d and value of b(p2) = %d\n", *p1, *p2 ); }
 Output :
 Before: Value of a = 10 and value of b = 20
Value of a (p1) = 20 and value of b(p2) = 10
After: Value of a = 20 and value of b = 10
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31. String Manipulation in C language:
Strings are also called as the array of character.
A special character usually known as null character (\0) is used to indicate the end of the string.
To read and write the string in C program %s access specifier is required.
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32. String Manipulation in C language:
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