1. Blood and Blood Types

2. Q: What is Blood?
BLOOD is a mixture of two components: formed elements and plasma.
Plasma: the watery fluid portion of blood in which the corpuscular elements are suspended.
90% water
It transports nutrients as well as wastes throughout the body.
Various compounds, including proteins, electrolytes, carbohydrates, minerals, and fats, are dissolved in it.
Nearly everything that blood carries, including nutrients, hormones and waste, is dissolved in the plasma, which is mostly water. 

3. Q: What is Blood? Formed elements float in the plasma.
White blood cells (WBCs)
Platelets
Red blood cells (RBCs) 

4. Q: What makes up our blood?
RED BLOOD CELLS (Erythrocytes) – The most abundant cells in our blood; they are produced in the bone marrow and contain a protein called hemoglobin that carries oxygen to our cells.
WHITE BLOOD CELLS (Leukocytes) – They are part of the immune system and destroy infectious agents called pathogens.
PLASMA – This is the yellowish liquid portion of blood that contains electrolytes, nutrients and vitamins, hormones, clotting factors, and proteins such as antibodies to fight infection.
PLATELETS (Thrombocytes) – The clotting factors that are carried in the plasma; they clot together in a process called coagulation to seal a wound and prevent a loss of blood.

5. Biological Properties of Blood
Blood delivers nutrients and oxygen to the cells and transports waste products away from cells.
Red blood cells carry oxygen and carbon dioxide.

6. Red Blood Cells Biconcave discs Made in bone marrow
No nucleus (so cannot reproduce themselves)
Almost no organelles
Essentially just bags full of hemoglobin

7. Hemoglobin Carrier protein for oxygen and carbon dioxide
Uses iron (found in “Heme” group, 4 per hemoglobin molecule) as the binding site for oxygen
Too little hemoglobin in blood is called anemia

8. Hemoglobin
Circle or highlight the oxygen binding site in your Heme group

9. Biological Properties of Blood
White blood cells fight off infection and reject foreign tissue.

10. Biological Properties of Blood
Platelets assist in clotting.

11. Blood Types

12. Genetics of Blood Types
Your blood type is established before you are BORN, by specific GENES inherited from your parents.
You inherit one gene from your MOTHER and one from your FATHER.
These genes determine your blood type by causing proteins called AGGLUTINOGENS to exist on the surface of all of your red blood cells.

13. AA or AO = Type A BB or BO = Type B OO = Type O AB = Type AB
Q: What are blood types?
There are 3 alleles or genes for blood type: A, B, & O. Since we have 2 genes, there are 6 possible combinations.
Blood Types
AA or AO = Type A BB or BO = Type B OO = Type O AB = Type AB

14. How common is your blood type?
46.1%
38.8%
11.1%
3.9%

15. Q: Who can give who blood?
People with TYPE O blood are called Universal Donors, because they can give blood to any blood type.
People with TYPE AB blood are called Universal Recipients, because they can receive any blood type. A B O AB
Universal Donor
Universal Recipient

16. Q: What are Rh Factors?
Scientists sometimes study Rhesus monkeys to learn more about the human anatomy because there are certain similarities between the two species.
While studying Rhesus monkeys, a certain blood protein was discovered.
The presence of the protein, or lack of it, is referred to as the Rh (for Rhesus) factor.
A+ A- B+ B- AB+ AB- O+ O-

17. Q: What are Rh Factors? Rh Factor Rh+ = with (85%) Rh- = without (15%)
Can receive + or -
Rh- = without (15%)
Can only receive -

18. Blood Vessels: The Vascular System
Taking blood to the tissues and back
Arteries: Carry blood away from heart
Arterioles: Smaller than arteries
Capillaries: Nutrient exchange with tissues
Venules: Smaller than veins
Veins: Return blood to heart
Slide 11.23
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

19. Blood Vessels: Anatomy
Three layers (tunics)
Tunic intima (innermost)
Endothelium
Tunic media (middle layer)
Smooth muscle
Controlled by sympathetic nervous system
Tunic externa (outermost)
Mostly fibrous connective tissue
Slide 11.25
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

20. Differences Between Blood Vessel Types
Walls of arteries are the thickest
Lumens of veins are larger
Skeletal muscle “milks” blood in veins toward the heart
Walls of capillaries are only one cell layer thick to allow for exchanges between blood and tissue
Slide 11.26
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

21. Movement of Blood Through Vessels
Arterial blood is pumped by the heart
Veins use the milking action of muscles to help move blood
Figure 11.9
Slide 11.27
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

22. Capillary Beds Capillary beds consist of two types of vessels
Vascular shunt – directly connects an arteriole to a venule
Figure 11.10
Slide 11.28a
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

23. Capillary Beds True capillaries – exchange vessels
Oxygen and nutrients cross to cells
Carbon dioxide and metabolic waste products cross into blood
Figure 11.10
Slide 11.28b
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings