1. Register for the AP Test Online!!
Pick up BOTH packets from the common’s office before registering
You MUST register before taking the exam. Do it ASAP!!!
AP World History test date:
Thursday, May 12, 8AM
Helpful website for review: freeman-pedia.com
*I also suggest buying a study guide from Barnes & Noble*

2. Brief Chapter 19 Review

3. Where we left off in Europe
Spread of Christianity throughout Europe post-Rome (collapse: 476 CE)
Great Schism: 1054
Roman Catholic Church in western Europe
Orthodox Church in eastern Europe
Byzantine empire survives as dominant Mediterranean power
declined ~1100 CE and finally collapsed in 1453 when invaded by Muslim Turks

4. Medieval Europe: Big Picture
As Byzantine Empire declined, western Europe strengthened
Late 10th century: formation of Holy Roman Empire by German princes
Viewed as a Christian revival of Roman empire
Independent monarchies emerged in France & England
Establishment of independent & competing regional states

6. Collapse of the Byzantine Empire
Theme system: organization of Byzantine society
Imperial province (theme) under authority of a general, who received his appointment from emperor
was responsible for military defense & civil administration
Generals recruited armies from free peasants, who received land for their services
System helped expand Byzantine empire
Problems emerged
Theme system: peasants  dependent agricultural laborers
Incentives for people to be a part of the military weakened
Diminished tax receipts for government  less $$ coming in!
Pressure/crusades in the west (Normans, 11-13th c) and east (Turks—mostly Muslim Seljuqs—11th-15th c)
Byzantine Empire collapses in 1453 by Ottoman Turks when they captured Constantinople

7. Battle of Manziert: 1071 Huge role in collapse of Byzantine Empire
Defeat by Seljuk Turks
Defeat  internal civil war in among Byzantines, which gave Seljuks free rein in Anatolia and allowed them to conquer most of the Anatolia Peninsula
Eventually able to conquer Constantinople  collapse of Byzantine Empire in 1453

8. Meanwhile, W. Europe strengthens
Mainly due to the Crusades, which we’ll talk about in detail later—but it allowed for increased trade in medieval Europe  better Western Europe! 

9. Holy Roman Empire
Otto of Saxony, a German prince, was proclaimed emperor by Pope John XII  establishment of Holy Roman Empire
Protected the church in Europe
Became Otto I
Holy Roman Empire was seen as a revival of the Roman empire

10. #HREProblems
During the Holy Roman Empire, tensions between popes & emperors
both claimed authority in Christian Europe
Pope chose emperors; emperors named important church officials & tried to extend authority to Italy (papal leadership)
Investiture Contest: 11th & 12th centuries
Pope Gregory VII: ordered end to practice of emperors choosing church officials (lay investiture)
Challenged by Emperor Henry IV; he was excommunicated by Pope Gregory, then rebels took place vs. Henry
Concordat of Worms (1122): Church achieved autonomy from secular authorities, marking end of Investiture Contest

11. The Normans
Founders of the English monarchy who disregarded their lords during Carolingian rule
Tightly centralized state; dukes had power & controlled all land, built castles to build military  powerful
1066: Invasion of England by Duke William of Normandy
Aka: William the Conqueror
Constantly at odds with Capetians (French) for territory, but still able to organize efficient monarchies

12. Meanwhile, in the rest of Medieval Europe…
Dramatic economic growth & social development
Increase in agricultural production
due to arable land, improved agricultural technologies (crop rotation), new crops & new tools in general
Increase in population due to the increase in the quality & quantity of food
Urbanization
Paris, London = two cities as thriving centers of government & business
 specialization of labor  expansion of manufacturing & trade (wool)  economic development
Establishment of major ports in Italy helped facilitate trade w/merchants on Indian Ocean

13. Meanwhile, in the rest of Medieval Europe…
Trade also occurred in Baltic & Northern Seas
Hanseatic League: association of trading cities
from Novgorod, Russia to London
Items traded: grain, fish, furs, timber
Rhine River, Danube linked this trade network to Mediterranean
Improved trade  improved business techniques
Development of banking
Use of credit for merchandise
Partnerships between merchants

15. Social Change Improvements in social, economic life  social change
Society divided in three classes; “Three Estates”
Those who pray: clergy of Roman Catholic church owing loyalty to the church rather than to a secular leader (emperor)
Those who fight: inherited noble rank; received education focused on equestrian skills & military
Those who work: most of the population; cultivated land and dependent on lords who fought for their protection.
Society also showed emphasis on chivalry—high ethical standards

16. Social Change Social change also affected the lower class
Urban working population expanded  increased ability to resist demands of nobles
Abolished taxes & tolls on commerce within urban district
Formation of leagues to protect themselves against political authorities
Formation of guilds: regulation of production & sale of goods within jurisdictions among merchants and workers
Est standards of quality for manufactured goods
Determined prices that products could be sold for
Provided friendship & mutual support in addition to work—often socialized with each other
Provided financial aid to members, helped plan funerals for deceased

17. Emergence of Scholasticism
Early Middle Ages: no $$ for advanced education, basic education provided by monasteries
High Middle Ages: more $$ from trade/development  demand for education and educated individuals
Establishment of cathedral schools emphasized liberal arts, especially literature & philosophy (coincided with re-emergence of Aristotle’s works)
Emergence of scholastic theology
Sought to combine the beliefs of Christianity with Greek philosophy
St. Thomas Aquinas – most famous scholastic theologians
Combined Christianity with Aristotle’s teachings

18. Sacraments: holy rituals that bring spiritual blessings to obervants
Scholasticism didn’t appeal to the masses—preferred rituals or ceremonies that benefitted them through supernatural aid or protection
Sacraments: holy rituals that bring spiritual blessings to obervants
Roman Catholic church recognizes 7 sacraments
the most important is Eucharist, ritual meal offered by priests commemorating Jesus’ last meal before execution
Belief that performing the Eucharist would protect people from sudden death and advance worldly interests

19. Pilgrimage to various major Christian cities to honor saints
Expressed adoration of the most popular saint, Virgin Mary, through veneration of relics & physical remains
Problem: it allowed for fraud!
Pilgrimage to various major Christian cities to honor saints
Rome: relics of St. Paul & St. Peter rested in churches
Compostela, Spain: relics of St. James preserved in the cathedral of Santiago de Compostela
Jerusalem: birthplace of Christianity
Popularity of pilgrimages  construction of inns, guidebooks to warn of fraudulent people who took advantage of pilgrims

20. Medieval Expansion
Strength via powerful states, economic expansion & demographic growth  expansion throughout Mediterranean, Baltic & Mediterranean
Reconquest/Reconquista of Italy & Spain: 11th century
Reconquest of Spain – Reconquista
Initially served as Islamic Caliphate; small Christian state in Catalonia survived
Christian reconquista began in 1060s; received help from France & England in the 13th century
(help because the Roman Catholic church saw Islam as an offense to Christianity; would assert Christian authority to conquered areas & set up missions there)
Reconquista complete in 1492 when the last Islamic outpost was conquered
Shift: Islam  Roman Catholicism

22. Crusades: Holy Wars
Effort by Roman Catholics to recapture Palestine from Muslim authorities
Launched by Pope Urban II: 1095
Council of Clermont: warning that Muslim Turks were threatening the eastern borders of Christendom
Urged princes to stabilize the borders, then capture Jerusalem & restore Christian rule to the area—”Deus vult!” (“God wills it!”)

23. Crusade I Jerusalem falls to Christian crusaders, 1099
Muslims were really disorganized, but this encouraged Muslim groups to settle differences  expulsion of European Christians from eastern Mediterranean
Jerusalem recaptured under Saladin in 1187

24. Crusades
Later Crusades (five total) failed to fully restore Christianity to Palestine, but did have lasting effects
Large-scale exchange of goods and ideas between Europeans & Muslims
“Southernization” spread to Europe!
Introduced to Aristotle, Arabic numerals, paper production techniques, new foods (spices, granulated sugar, coffee), silk, cotton textiles
Demand for new products in Europe  establishment of new Italian ports
Dreams/ideas of further expansion & conquest
Ultimately: reintegration of Western Europe into the economy of the eastern hemisphere