1. Lipids
Monomer/Building blocks: Glycerol and Fatty acid chains. Each Fatty acid attaches to 1 carbon.
Primary function- long term energy source ↓
Fatty Acid Chains

2. Examples- Lipids Wax (water proof covering for plants)
Oils (liquid at room temperature)
Mostly found in plants and fish
Energy storage
Fats (solid at room temperature)
Mostly found in animals
Cushions organs
Insulates from cold temperatures
think whale blubber
Steroids – cholesterol, sex hormones
Phospholipids – major component of cell membranes

3. ENERGY CONTENT
Lipids have the most energy per gram when compared to proteins and carbohydrates

4. Plasma Membrane A.K.A. CELL MEMBRANE
LIPID BILAYER/ Selectively permeable/ HOMEOSTASIS!!!!

5. Homeostasis Maintaining a balance
Organisms must adjust to changes in their environment
They do this by controlling what enters/leaves the cell

6. Plasma/Cell Membrane
1. LIPID BILAYER- 2 layers 2. Selectively permeable or semi-permeable- CRUCIAL FOR CELL TO MAINTAIN HOMEOSTASIS!!!!

7. Parts of the Plasma Membrane
1. Phospholipids
-Majority of membrane
-Regulate molecules
that enter & exit
HYDRO= WATER
Philia: love; attraction to
Phobia: fear; dislike
Phosphate group:
HYDROPHILLIC:
POLAR
Lipid tail
(FATTY ACID CHAIN):
HYDROPHOBIC
NON-POLAR

8. Parts of the Plasma Membrane
Proteins
- Strengthen the PM
- Help transport molecules across

9. Parts of the Plasma Membrane
Carbohydrate chain- Oligosaccharide
-”Chatty Carbs”; communication

10. Parts of the Plasma Membrane
4. Cholesterol - increases fluidity of the PM

12. Passive Transport Three types Diffusion Osmosis Facilitated Diffusion
No Energy (ATP) is Used!
Molecules move from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration.
Cells try to maintain an equilibrium. Molecules are ALWAYS moving across the membrane, especially WATER!
Three types
Diffusion
Osmosis
Facilitated Diffusion

14. Passive Transport- Uses NO ENERGY
Diffusion
Facilitated Diffusion/Transport
Osmosis

15. Concentration gradient
Difference in the amount of a substance from one location to the next.
Passive transport- solutes move down a concentration gradient.
Active transport - solute move against a conc. gradient

16. SIMPLE Diffusion Random movement of small molecules like O2 & CO2
[High] to [Low]

17. Facilitated Diffusion/Transport
Molecules move across with the help of a channel or carrier protein.
Ex: C6H12O6 and H2O

18. Facilitated Diffusion

19. Osmosis – continuous movement of water; facilitated by AQUAPORINS

20. Aquaporin

21. ISOTONIC SOLUTION
Isotonic solution: Equal [solute] on outside and inside of a cell. Cell remains the same/normal size.

22. HYPERTONIC SOLUTION
[Solute] is lower on the inside then on the outside of a cell.
Water moves out of cell. Cell shrinks

23. Hypertonic Solutions and Plasmolysis
WATER flows out of the cell causing PM to shrink. Plants- Cell wall stays intact.

24. Hypertonic Animal Cells
WATER flows OUT of the cell to shrink.

25. HYPOTONIC SOLUTION
Hypotonic solution: Higher [solute] on the inside of cell than on the outside.
Water moves into the cell. CELL SWELLS AND BURSTS (ANIMALS)

26. Hypotonic Solutions and CYTOLYSIS
Animals swell and burst
Plant cells swell but not burst- CELL WALL

27. Active Transport Energy (ATP) is Used!
Molecules move from a region of LOW concentration to a region of HIGH concentration.

28. Types of Active Transport
1. Endocytosis:
Intake/engulfing of particles via a vesicle

29. Types of Active Transport
2. Exocytosis
Removal/exiting
of wastes or
particles via a vesicle.

30. Types of Active Transport
Na- K Pump (Sodium-Potassium):
-Protein pumps sodium out and potassium in.
-Cystic fibrosis: NA-K pump doesn’t work.