1. 4. Regulation- The Endocrine & Nervous System

2. Most of the time the endocrine and nervous systems work together to maintain homeostasis within the body.
--The endocrine system is the collection of glands, which secrete hormones that regulate metabolism, growth and development, sexual function, reproduction, sleep and mood, among other things.

3. Major Glands of the Endocrine system:
Hypothalamus
Pituitary
Thyroid
Parathyroid
Adrenal
Pancreas
Ovaries/Testes

4. Hypothalamus
It is the portion of the brain that connects the endocrine and nervous systems.
-- Receives messages from other areas of the brain and from internal organs.

5. Pituitary gland Master gland of body
When change in homeostasis is detected, the hypothalamus stimulates the pituitary gland.
-- Pituitary gland is located beneath the hypothalamus; it releases its own chemicals or stimulate other glands to release them.
-- Exs)
thyroid stimulating hormone
growth hormone (Somatotropin)
Lutenizing (LH)- causes ovulation
ICSH- causes testes to secrete testosterone
Melanocyte stimulating- distribution of melanin in skin
ADH- antidiuretic hormone

6. Defects from pituitary gland:
Giantism- over secretion of somatotropin before puberty
Dwarfism- under secretion of somatotropin. Cause: tumor, injury, infection, genetics
Diabetes insipidus- decreased ADH

7. Thyroid gland must have any source of iodine
Thyroid- produces hormones that control metabolism and calcium in blood.
Thyroid gland must have any source of iodine
Defects of thyroid gland:
goiter- not enough iodine
hyperthyroidism
hypothyroidism

8. Located just above the kidney Secretes many hormones Epinephrine
Adrenal glands
Located just above the kidney
Secretes many hormones
Epinephrine
Norepinephrine
Many steroid hormones, inc estrogen and androgens.
Steroids have a three ring chemical structure

9. Pancreas-
Pancreatic juices into the intestine
secretes insulin, a hormone that transports glucose into cells.
Also secretes glucagon- increases glucose in bloodstream
Defects: Diabetes (already talked about)

11. Nervous System Functions: Internal Control
Communicate with environment and all cells of the body
Maintain homeostasis!

12. Nervous System Organs/Structures
The basic unit of the nervous system is the neuron, or nerve cell.
Neurons- conduct impulses throughout the nervous system
Neurons have 3 regions:
Dendrites=branchlike, receives impulses
Axon= carries impulses away from cell and towards other neurons, muscles or glands
Cell Body= main cell

13. Connections between Neurons
Neurons don’t actually touch.
A space called a Synapse lies between the dendrite and axon.
Chemicals called Neurotransmitters travel across the synaptic space where they lock onto receptors.

14. Nervous System Neurons fall into 3 Categories:
Sensory neurons- from body to spinal cord and brain
2. Interneurons- brain and spinal cord. Processes impulses and respond by sending impulses onto motor neurons
Motor Neurons- carry response away from brain and spinal cord to a muscle or gland
Ex) Tapping someone on the shoulder. What happens?

15. F. Nervous System
Myelin Sheath- insulates the axon helping speed up nerve impulses
Central Nervous System (CNS)- Brain and spinal cord
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)- all the nerves that branch off the spinal cord

16. Anatomy of the brain
Brain= control center for the entire nervous system.
-- Divided into 3 sections:
1) Cerebrum
2)Cerebellum
3) Brain stem

17. Anatomy of the brain
Cerebrum- 2 hemispheres connected by bundles of nerves. Outer surface is cerebral cortex, which increases surface area.
----intelligence, memory, language, skeletal muscle movement, senses controlled by this.
Cerebellum- Back of brain; controls your balance, posture and coordination.
Brain Stem- made up of:
medulla oblongata- controls involuntary activities such as breathing and heart rate.
Pons- & midbrain- act as pathways connecting various parts of the brain with each other.

20. More likely to have allergies More prone to migraines
Scientific Left Handed Facts
Make up between 5% and 10% of the population (depending on who you ask)
More likely to have allergies
More prone to migraines
More likely to be insomniacs
More likely to be on extreme poles of the intelligence scale
Tend to reach puberty 4 to 5 months later than right handers
Twice as likely to be a man
Better at 3D perception and thinking
Better at multi-tasking
Live on average 9 years less than right handed people

21. Draw figures facing to the right
Recover from strokes faster
More likely to pursue creative careers
Of the seven most recent U.S Presidents, 4 have been left handed
Left handed college graduates go on to become 26% richer than right handed graduates
On a QWERTY keyboard there are 1447 English words typed solely with the left hand, whilst only 187 are typed with the right hand.

22. Injury/Diseases of the Nervous System
Multiple Sclerosis- myelin sheath surround nerve in the brain and spinal cord are damaged
Spinal Cord Injury- loss of functions as mobility of feeling
Trauma- car accidents, gunshot, falls, etc