1. Evolution
Attention: Write the notes with the white background

2. Evolution is a change in specie's gene pool over time OR a change the allelic frequency of a specie's gene pool.
The evidence for this is the fossil record which shows that species change over time.

3. Evolution is a change in specie's gene pool over time OR a change the allelic frequency of a specie's gene pool.
The evidence for this is the fossil record which shows that species change over time.

4. The horse originated as a forest creature that browsed (ate bushes) for food. It walked on multiple toes with toe pads like a dog. Grass appeared in the Eocene epoch. This new energy source selected for large incisors for nipping grass and large flat molar for chewing. The horse became a grazer (eating grasses). This change in food source, also selected for an animal with a longer neck. The horse in the grasslands was more vulnerable to predators, so natural selection favored better vision, and increased speed with changes in the legs to include a single toe to become the hoof.

5. The horse originated as a forest creature that browsed (ate bushes) for food. It walked on multiple toes with toe pads like a dog. Grasslands appeared in the Eocene epoch. This creature changed to a grazer (eats grass) which caused a selection pressure for-.
-large incisors for nipping grass and large flat molar for chewing
-an animal with a longer neck to eat the grass.
-better vision to see predators
-increased speed with changes in the legs to include a single toe to become the hoof to outrun predators.

7. The fossil record also indicates the Glyptotherium (a giant armadillo) also existed.

8. Charles Darwin was a naturalist on a voyage of the Beagle
Charles Darwin was a naturalist on a voyage of the Beagle. His charge was to send back species of plants and animals of his trip. He noticed that there was similarity between the animals of South America and the Galapagos Islands (found east of S. America) yet there also different and distinct species.

9. Charles Darwin was a naturalist on a voyage of the Beagle
Charles Darwin was a naturalist on a voyage of the Beagle. His charge was to send back species of plants and animals of his trip. He noticed that there was similarity between the animals of South America and the Galapagos Islands (found east of S. America) yet there also different and distinct species.

10. Charles Darwin’s observations-
1. Within a population there is variation.
(the snails have 2 genes -banding pattern & color) that give rise to the variation of the shell color.
2. This variation is inherited.

11. Charles Darwin’s observations-
1. Within a population there is variation.
(the snails have 2 genes -banding pattern & color) that give rise to the variation of the shell color.
2. This variation is inherited.

12. In this population of penguins, there is variation, even though at first glance we do not see it like we do with the lady beetles below.

13. We are very sensitive to human variation and are able to tell one human from another.

14. 3. Within a population, there are always more offspring produced than parent population.
4. Populations remain relatively stable.
5. A certain number of offspring must die.

15. 3. Within a population, there are always more offspring produced than parent population.
4. Populations remain relatively stable.
5. A certain number of offspring must die.

16. Darwin determined the number of elephants that would be found on earth if their excess reproductive capacity remained unchecked.
years, 19 million
1200 years, they would cover the earth.

17. Natural Selection is the process that determines, which organisms survive to reproduce and which die. It is in part due to their variation. Some inherited variation will be beneficial and will give certain organisms a reproductive advantage. When these organisms reproduce their beneficial genes are passed on to the next generation.

18. Natural Selection is the process that determines, which organisms survive to reproduce and which die. It is in part due to their variation. Some inherited variation will be beneficial and will give certain organisms a reproductive advantage. When these organisms reproduce their beneficial genes are passed on to the next generation.

19. Man has been practicing natural selection for years and is called artificial selection. In agriculture, it is determined which traits are desirable and cultivated them. This slide is what has been done to the wild mustard plant.

20. Artificial selection also has been practiced on animals.

21. Evolution is a change in the gene pool over time.
Natural selection is the mechanism by which it works.
Natural selection is the process by which certain organisms with certain beneficial traits (genes) have a reproductive advantage and are able to pass those beneficial traits on to the next generation.
Selection pressure is a change in the environment that favors one trait over another.

22. Evolution is a change in the gene pool over time.
Natural selection is the mechanism by which it works.
Natural selection is the process by which certain organisms with certain beneficial traits (genes) have a reproductive advantage and are able to pass those beneficical traits on to the next generation.
Selection pressure is a change in the environment that favors one trait over another.

23. For example, there are many closely related dabbling ducks (mallard, pintail, gadwall etc). Hybridization can occur if the female duck makes a mistake and selects the wrong species of male. The offspring are not as viable and robust as the pure species. Therefore there is a selection pressure for the female not to make a mistake.

24. This has allowed for the male to become very showy, is susceptible to predators. The females remain dull as they do the selecting of mates. On isolated islands where there is only one species of dabbling ducks, the selection pressure to remain brown like the females is stronger than the selection pressure for showy plumage. Since there is only one species, female do not make mistakes.