1. Ch. 9 Industrial Revolution
Mr. Curtis
World History

2. Beginnings of Industrialization
Industrial Revolution- the increasing output of machine-made goods that began in England in the middle 1700s.
Agriculture led the way…..Small farms covered most of the land in England, wealthy landowners began buying up these small farms and creating larger fields that were known as enclosures (they were enclosed with fences or hedges)
These landowners experimented with new ways of seeding and harvesting and also forced out small farmers.

3. Agriculture
Crop Rotation- process that improved farming in which different crops were planted each season to improve the next crop. (Wheat to Turnips to Barley…)
Livestock breeders improved their methods by breeding the biggest and best animals. This increased the size of livestock which led to higher food supplies and a growing population.
Many small farmers became factory workers.

4. Why did the Industrial Revolution Begin in Britain?
Industrialization- process of developing machine production of goods. (Required many natural resources like water, coal, ore and harbors.)
Britain had many natural resources
Britain had an expanding economy to support Industrialization
Highly developed banking system (loans for businessmen to grow)
Growing overseas trade
All of these would be known as factors of production- resources needed to produce goods and services that the Industrial Revolution required.

5. Inventions Spur Industrialization
Changes in textile industry- the process to make cloth (textiles) was improved by inventions that led to more inventions. The flying shuttle led to the spinning jenny to the water frame to the spinning mule.
Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin to clean the seeds out of cotton.
The demand for cotton skyrocketed. (United States)

6. Transportation
James Watt improved the steam engine to make it more efficient while using less fuel (coal). He worked with an entrepreneur- (a person who organizes, manages and takes on the risks of a business) to fund his research.
In 1807, Robert Fulton built a boat that would use a steam engine. (steamboat).
John McAdam greatly improved roads with stones and a layer of gravel.

7. The Railway Age Begins
In 1821, George Stephenson began working on the world’s first railroad. It would be 27 miles long. It opened in 1825 and the locomotives were completely powered by steam engines.
The Liverpool-Manchester railroad opened in The locomotive used was called the Rocket, invented by Stephenson, it could travel 24mph.
Railroads revolutionized transportation and transporting goods. It also created thousands of jobs.

8. Industrialization Changes Life
Europeans mostly lived in rural areas on or near farms. During the industrialization period, people began moving into the cities to work in factories. From 1800 to 1850, population of cities grew rapidly as well as the number of cities in Europe. This was known as urbanization- city building and the movement of people to cities. Factories developed in clusters because entrepreneurs built them near energy sources such as water and coal.

9. Living Conditions
Because the cities were growing rapidly, there was no planning in development, building codes or sanitary codes. Cities lacked adequate housing, education and police protection for the huge populations.
Sickness and disease was widespread because there was no system for trash pick-up and sewer lines. Families were forced to live in small one bedroom houses.

10. Working Conditions
To make a higher profit, factory owners forced workers to work long harsh hours everyday.
The average worker worked 14 hours a day, 6 days a week. (different from farming)
Factories were often dangerous places to work. Factories were unclean, machines injured people, accidents, breathing in harmful chemicals (coal mines)
There was no government program to aid people injured on the job nor any laws that ensured safe working conditions,
Many women and children were employed because they were cheaper labor.

11. Class Tensions Grow
Industrialization created a lot of wealth which caused the middle class to grow significantly.
Middle Class- a social class made up of skilled workers, professionals, business people and wealthy farmers. (neither rich nor poor)
The middle class controlled most of the wealth in Britain. There were even divisions within this class. (farmers, businessmen)
The working class- (Laborers) saw little improvement in their living and working conditions. Some workers destroyed machinery that took their jobs. Others rioted for better working conditions.

12. Pg. 292 Make a list of all positive effects of the Industrial Revolution

13. Reforming the Industrial World
There was much disagreement on the role of government in business.
Laissez faire (let do) economics refers to economic policy of letting business owners set their own rules without government interference. Argued that government regulations interfered with making money.
Adam Smith was a professor in Scotland who defended the idea of a free economy. He wrote a book called The Wealth of Nations.
Law of self interest
Law of competition
Law of supply and demand

14. Capitalism and Socialism
Capitalism- economic system in which the factors of production are privately owned and money is invested back into the business to make a profit.
Socialism- economic system in which the factors of production are owned by the public or government and operates for the welfare of all. Argued that business needed to be regulated by the government.