1. APUSH CHAPTER 4

2. Chesapeake Colonies in the Seventeenth Century

3. By 1700 Virginia was the most populous
Diseases ravaged the people in the Chesapeake
High death rate = Low life expectancy in Chesapeake
The Chesapeake grew slowly in the 1600s and mostly from new immigrants from Europe, not natural birth
Most immigrants were single men
The population of the Chesapeake colonies was notable for the ____________?
BY THE EARLY 1700S MANY MORE FAMILIES HAD TAKEN HOLD AND ILLNESS BECAME LESS FREQUENT

4. The Chesapeake good for tobacco but it ruined the soil
Settlers moved inland for more new land, thus pushing the Indians further west and causing increased conflicts.
As production of tobacco increased, the price dropped, causing farmers to grow more to remain profitable.
This increased the need for more labor, and with the price of slaves very high, the need for indentured servants grew.

5. ________ reaped the greatest benefits
Indentured servants were white English farmers displaced by the enclosure movement
They voluntarily mortgaged their labor for several years to get a transatlantic passage and “freedom dues” after their time was up (a few barrels of corn, clothing, and possibly a small piece of land)
The headright system encouraged indentured servants to come: for every indentured servant who was brought over the master, or payer, would receive 50 acres of land. This led to a rapid expansion of indentured servitude and the need to push settlers further West for more land.
________ reaped the greatest benefits

6. Bacon’s Rebellion
In ,000 Virginians, most former indentured servants who had moved west to the Piedmont area for available land, rebelled. Led by Nathaniel Bacon
Resented Governor Berkeley’s relations with the Indians and how he monopolized the fur trade with the Indians in the Chesapeake
He also refused to retaliate for Indian attacks on frontier settlements

7. Nathaniel Bacon

8. Bacon’s Rebellion
Rebels attacked the Indians
Supported mainly be young men frustrated by inability to acquire land
Governor Berkeley was driven from Jamestown and rebels burned the city
Bacon suddenly died of disease
After they lost their leader, Gov. Berkeley crushed the rebellion and 20 rebels were then hung as punishment for their actions.

9. Rebellion exposed resentment between the frontiersman and the rich gentry on their Tidewater coastal plantations
The rich planters searched for workers less likely to rebel and this led to large-scale use of African slaves
Majority of African slaves had been transported to the British West Indies and the Caribbean

10. The Atlantic Slave Trade before Bacon

11. In 1619 slaves first introduced in Jamestown
By 1670 slavery was still only a small %
Reason few slaves were imported is because struggling white colonists could not afford $ for slaves who might die soon after arrival
White indentured servants were far less costly than Africans

12. During the 1680s, changes in Europe and America led to African enslavement
Rising wages in England so less people were willing to sell themselves as indentured servants
Large planters were fearful of large numbers of former servants (as demonstrated by Bacon’s Rebellion)
Established planters now had income to spend on slaves

13. As slaves increased, white colonists acted to put down any possible racial threat
“Slave codes” were adopted, setting strict conditions of slavery
blacks (and their children) became property (“chattels”) for the life of their white masters
Some colonies made it a crime to teach a slave to read or write
Even conversion to Christianity did not qualify a slave for freedom
Slavery might have begun for economic reasons but racial discrimination also molded the American slave system

14. Slave revolts did occur, but overall there were few of them
In 1712 a rebellion in New York occurred in which 12 whites were killed and 21 blacks were executed as revenge.
In 1739, the Stono Rebellion in South Carolina occurred
Blacks rebelled and tried to march to Spanish Florida and freedom but were stopped by the white militia

15. Southern Society
At top were rich plantation owners with large tracts of land
Second were small landowners who owned one or two slaves (these were the majority of colonists)
Third were the poor, non-landowning, non-slave owning whites who worked for other whites
Fourth were indentured servants
Black slaves were at the lowest level

16. Southern Society vs. New England Society
Southern society revolved around the plantation so few cities developed
an urban professional class (like lawyers, bankers) was slow to emerge
Poor roads meant that most transportation was done over waterways

17. New England enjoyed a much healthier climate than the South
Clean water and cool temperatures stopped the growth of disease
Better transportation system because of better roads and navigable water ways.

18. New Englanders generally migrated as families
Population grew from natural reproduction
Early marriage and women had children every 2 years until menopause
The typical woman would have 10 children (with 8 surviving past infancy)
Many women died during childbirth and women came to fear pregnancy
New England's population led to the invention of “grandparents”

19. New England women gave up property rights upon marriage
Southern women’s rights were more advanced because men frequently died young and there were fewer of them
Women in the South were allowed to keep separate rights to property (from their husbands) and to inherit their husband’s estate
New England women gave up property rights upon marriage
Puritan lawmakers worried about dividing men and women in marriage based on property
Widows did have secure rights to property (in contrast with England)

20. The Scarlet Letter

21. Life in the New England Towns
Towns with over 50 families were required to provide an elementary education
1/2 adults were literate in New England
In 1636, Harvard College was established to train local boys for the ministry
The first college (William and Mary) was not established in Virginia until 1693

22. The Half-Way Covenant and the Salem Witch Trials
In the mid 1600s, religious enthusiasm began to die down:
To combat this, Puritan preachers began using the “jeremiad”, or strong calls to repentance and stronger faith values
In 1662 the Half-Way Covenant introduced
Weakened the purity of the original settlements
Admitted to baptisim but not full membership the unconverted children of existing members
Eventually, Puritan church was opened to all, purity was sacrificed for wider participation

23. The Salem Witch trials began in 1692 in Massachusetts : result of unsettled social and religious conditions in Massachusetts
Young girls claimed to be possessed by older women who they claimed were witches
In the ensuing “witch hunt”, 20 people were killed, 19 by hanging; 1 by pressing; 2 dogs were also hanged

24. Causes of Salem reflected the widening of economic classes in New England and fear that Puritanism was being corrupted by commercialism
Most of the accused witches came from families associated with Salem’s growing market economy in town
The accusers came mostly from subsistence farming poor families
Key is it is based on economic jealousy
*was opposed by more resposible members of the clergy

25. The Geography of Witchcraft: Salem Village, 1692

26. By 1693, the witchcraft hysteria had ended in Salem
The Massachusetts governor acted (because of accusation against his wife) and prohibited further trials and pardoned convicted witches
20 years later, state legislature annulled the convictions of accused witches and paid reparations to their heirs

27. New England differences with South
Difficult farming because of rocky soil
Back-breaking work shaped strong character
Less ethnically diverse (immigrants were not attracted to farms or harsh religious life)
Climate led to diversified agriculture and economy, instead of relying on a few staple crops
Mostly small farms due to geography
Because slavery was not profitable on small farms the colonists relied less on slave labor.
Used harbors for fishing, shipping and commerce, leading to shipbuilding and the use of forests

28. Most immigrant colonists were middle class
The impact of New England was extremely important to the rest of the nation
Most immigrant colonists were middle class
Upper classes had no reason to leave Europe (“Dukes don’t emigrate”)
Poor lacked money to emigrate
Colonists tried to prevent class distinctions
Society much more egalitarian than Europe, especially northern and middle colonies
Rebellions of lower classes against upper classes occurred, such as Bacon’s Rebellion, Maryland Protestant rebellion (1676), Leisler’s Rebellion (1689 – 1691) NYC

29. KEYS TO THE CHAPTER Head right System Bacon’s Rebellion Middle Passage
Salem Witch Trials
Half-Way Covenant
Differences between Northern and Southern colonies