1. Roots, Stems, & Leaves

2. Tissues
3 Main Tissues:
Dermal Tissue: epidermal cells; outer covering of plant, like skin
Vascular Tissue: contains xylem with tracheid cells & phloem
Ground Tissue: cells between the dermal and vascular; have three types of cells
Parenchyma: thin cell walls
Collenchyma: strong flexible cell walls
Sclerenchyma: extremely thick, rigid cell walls

4. Roots
Two Type of Roots
Taproots: found in dicots; grow long & thick; reach water far below
Fibrous Roots: have many branching roots of same size
Structure = epidermis on outside, vascular tissues in middle, & ground tissues in middle
Root Hairs: extensions that allow roots to absorb more water

5. Purpose of Roots What is their job: Uptake nutrients and water
Move nutrients to plant & vascular tissues
Keep high pressure to move water & nutrients up the plant

6. Stems Three important functions: Produce leaves, branches, & flowers
Leaves connected at Nodes & start as Buds
Hold leaves up to the sunlight
Transport substances from roots to leaves
Monocot vs Dicot Stems
Monocot = dispersed vascular bundles
Dicot = vascular bundles in circle

8. Stem of Trees Wood is layers of xylem
Heartwood = middle of tree that no
longer has water flowing through it
Sapwood = surround the heartwood & transports water through xylem
Bark = outer layer of stem

9. Leaves Purpose: to absorb sunlight and perform photosynthesis
Green color because of chlorophyll
Blade: flattened section; collects sunlight
Petiole: stalk that blade attaches to

10. Photosynthesis Photosynthesis occurs in mesophyll
Palisade mesophyll: cells that absorb light
Spongy mesophyll: has air sacs connected to stomata
Stomata: pore-like structures that allow carbon dioxide and oxygen to enter and leave the leaf
Guard Cells: two of these cells make 1 stomata
Stomata stay open during photosynthesis, but close when losing too much water