1. AMS Arctic Maritime Capabilities/S&T
Panel Executive Summary: The Arctic Maritime Capabilities – S&T Panel brings together a distinguished set of experts with diverse backgrounds to discuss the current state of Arctic maritime capabilities and challenges for future operations. The focus of the discussions will be the required science and technology (S&T) investments needed to ensure U. S. and allied forces can operate effectively and efficiently in this rapidly changing Arctic.
Member Last
First MI
Rank
Organization
Horne
J. D.
Civ
CRREL
Franks
Joseph
LCDR
USN, N-NC J8 S&T
Scruggs
Lee C.
CAPT
Chief Technology Officer for USCG Intelligence
Spehn
Stephen
EUCOM Dep. Science Advisor

2. AMS Arctic Maritime Capabilities/S&T
Moderated “advance questions.”
1. What are current legacy maritime capabilities and what are some significant S&T challenges
2. What current capabilities and S&T issues are facilitating or hindering current policy
3. What future Arctic maritime capabilities and what S&T should be pursued to prepare for likely future Arctic maritime challenges to operations?

3. Future Thinking in Maritime Domain Awareness Technology
 CAPT Lee C. Scruggs
Chief Technology Officer for US Coast Guard Intelligence (CG-26)
(202) 3

4. Alexander Hamilton… …Father of MDA???
“A few armed vessels, judiciously stationed at the entrances of our ports, might at a small expense be made useful sentinels of the laws."
Alexander Hamilton Federalist Papers
27 November 1787 4 4

5. MDA is Easy, Right? Helo ISR AND USCG
The Coast Guard is not the first thing that comes to mind when the topic of ISR is mentioned.
From what I have witnessed, however, it may be the most important aspect of our future……[ADD] 5 5

6. U.S. Coast Guard Missions
USCG MISSIONS
Note the 11 missions of the Coast Guard
Notable are the distinct roles in National Intelligence, Law Enforcement Intelligence and other operations at sea.
Everywhere I go, it is commonplace that everyone wants to work with the Coast Guard.
Reasons: (1) Coast Guard people are great; (2) no other organization can do all that the Coast Guard does, or has the range of statutory missions the service does. 6

7. Seamless Sharing Across Authorities
Need a Better Compass…
Beltway to Seaway N S E W
Seamless Sharing Across Authorities
100% Detection
Beltway to Seaway
Seamlessly across all authorities
Seafloor to Space
100% Detection
Transition 1 MDA to 2 MDU and 3 COP to 4 UDOP
Seafloor to Space 7 7

8. Maritime Domain Awareness: Solve the Technology Gaps
Every asset is a sensor
Multi-Level data access, ashore and afloat
Joint/ Allied ISR data network
National, Departmental, Service assets interconnected
Sea Floor to Space Persistent Coverage
Sea Floor to Space Persistent Coverage
The “end state” of ISR in the maritime environment will always be an evolving picture. This is one possible view…..[ADD MORE]
Maritime Domain Awareness (MDA) and Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance (ISR):
We will have complete visibility and awareness of the maritime environment, from seafloor to space, both within our territorial boundaries, but even 100 miles beyond that, with fully integrated all-source intelligence access available to every unit afloat and ashore, with UNCLASSIFIED, SECRET and SCI views persistently available.
We will have highly advanced ISR investments targeted to enhance this MDA picture for specific mission needs, available on multiple platforms, from small satellites, to UASs to unmanned underwater assets and sensors, all with the ability to collect multiple types of data to enhance the intelligence picture in real-time in support of every Coast Guard mission.
We will not do this alone, but in partnership with DHS, DoD, and the IC, sharing data, intelligence and operational information, closing the seams between protecting the homeland and the wider challenges our partners have in dealing with threats beyond our Area of Operations.
USCG ISR deployed to enhance MDA picture for mission support 8

9. Transitioning from MDA to MDU
Enterprise Maritime Domain Awareness
Enterprise Analysis & Production Support Services
Enterprise Data Services
Maritime Domain Understanding 9

10. Conclusion and Questions
 CAPT Lee C. Scruggs
Chief Technology Officer for US Coast Guard Intelligence (CG-26)
(202) 10

11. USEUCOM Science & Technology
Steve Spehn
Deputy Science Advisor
ECJ8-C, S&T Branch

12. USEUCOM S&T Challenges
Positioning, Navigation, and Timing (PNT) / Communications (PNT/C)
Integrated Air and Missile Defense (IAMD)
Anti-Access / Area-Denial (A2/AD)
Intelligence, Surveillance, & Reconnaissance (ISR)
Electromagnetic Spectrum Management (ESM)
Cyber
Command and Control (C2) Interoperability
Space Resiliency
Counter-Unmanned Aerial Systems (C-UAS)
Joint Reception, Staging, Onward-movement, and Integration (JRSOI)
Maritime Surface and Subsurface Operations
Arctic-related

13. USEUCOM Arctic Challenges
Awareness
Environmental Intelligence
Arctic Domain Awareness
Accessibility
Presence
Response
Connectivity
Command, Control, Communications
Data Exfiltration

14. Solution Domains Space Layer Stratosphere Troposphere Land-Based
Maritime Surface
Maritime Sub-Surface

15. The Stratosphere Defined (roughly)
The layer of the Earth’s atmosphere in which the air temperature rises with altitude as a result of absorption of the Sun’s ultraviolet radiation by the ozone layer.
Lower boundary is approximately:
18 km at the Equator;
10–13 km at mid-latitudes; and
8 km at the poles.
Upper boundary is approximately 50 km.
Layers of the atmosphere: troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere and thermosphere.
Credit: Randy Russell, UCAR

16. Potential Stratospheric Solutions
S&T Challenge
Example Solutions
PNT/C
GPS augmentation; Cooperative, tiered, alternate PNT; Distributive timing; Communications gateway
IAMD
Sensing; Tracking
A2/AD
See PNT/C; Regional data connectivity; IoT gateway
ISR
UGS gateway; IoT gateway
Cyber
TBD
ESM
C2 Interoperability
Communications gateway; IoT gateway
Space Resiliency
Rapid augmentation; Interim reconstitution
C-UAS
Detection and tracking; C2 interdiction
JRSOI
Maritime Operations
Communications gateway

17. Stratospheric Ground Footprints
For a minimum elevation angle of 0° (i.e., the platform is above the observer’s horizon), the radius of the ground footprint increases by about 10 km for every 1 km increase in altitude, up to a maximum radius of about 800 km at 50 km altitude.

18. Stratospheric Ground Footprints
Altitude
50 km
40 km
30 km
20 km
Footprints for a Stratospheric platform over the Beaufort Sea with: elevation = 0° and altitude = {20, 30, 40, 50} km

19. Stratospheric Ground Footprints
For an altitude of 50 km, the radius of the ground footprint decreases rapidly as the elevation angle (i.e., the apparent position of the platform above the observer’s horizon) increases from 0° to 20°.

20. Stratospheric Ground Footprints
Elevation
0 °
5 °
10 °
15 °
20 °
Footprints for a Stratospheric platform over the Beaufort Sea with: elevation (el) = {0, 5, 10, 15, 20}° and altitude = 50 km

21. Stratospheric Compared to LEO
LEO (500 km)
LEO (200 km)
Strat (50 km)
Footprints for platforms over the Beaufort Sea with elevation = 0°

22. Stratosphere as a LEO Connector
Using a stratospheric platform at 50 km altitude to connect to a satellite in LEO extends the effective ground footprint in a way that, for LEO altitudes, mimics the ground footprint of a satellite at much higher altitude.

23. Stratospheric Combined with LEO
LEO (500 km)
Strat (50 km)
Footprints for platforms (Strat, LEO, and Combined) over the Beaufort Sea with elevation = 0°

24. Stratospheric Mesh Network
Footprints for seven Stratospheric platforms at altitude = 50 km and with elevation = 0°

25. The Stratosphere as a Solution Domain
Leverage small satellite technologies
Potential solution technologies:
GPS augmentation
Cooperative, tiered, alternate PNT
Distributive timing
Communications gateway
IAMD sensing and tracking
Regional data connectivity, to include unattended sensors
Rapid augmentation and interim reconstitution of space-based capabilities