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The Ordeal of Reconstruction

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1 The Ordeal of Reconstruction 1865 -1877
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3 Reconstruction 1865 – 1877 Different ideas between Lincoln, Johnson, and Congress Freedman’s Bureau – March 3, 1865 Oliver O. Howard Established by Congress Food, clothing, hospitals, legal protection, education Poor whites, former slaves South / Johnson resented Bureau

4 Lincoln’s Plan Lenient 10% Plan Pardon all confederates
Except high ranking officials and those accused of crimes against POW’s As soon as 10% who voted in 1860 swore allegiance could then form new government Send Representative and Senators to Congress 4 states accepted Arkansas, Louisiana, Tennessee, Virginia Wade Davis Bill = 50% of voters

5 Congress Radical Republicans Charles Sumner = Massachusetts
Senate Wanted to destroy power of former slave holders Wanted slaves to have citizenship Right to vote Thaddeus Stevens = Pennsylvania Representative

6 Johnson’s Plan May 29, 1865 Excluded high ranking Confederates and wealthy land owners from taking oath needed for voting privileges Disfranchised certain Confederates Pardoned 13,000 former Confederates “White men alone must manage the south” 7 remaining ex-Confederate states agreed to Johnson’s terms Elected Representative to send to Congress

7 Cont. Civil Rights Act = American citizenship December 1865 1866
Arrived to take their seats = Congress refused 1866 Congress wanted to enlarge Freedman’s Bureau Civil Rights Act = American citizenship Prevent Discriminatory Laws Black Codes = Regulate affairs of emancipated blacks Labor Force Johnson vetoed both bills

8 Congressional Reconstruction
Many upset with Johnson Joined forces to shift control of Reconstruction to the Legislation Overrode President’s vetoes in 1866 Drafted 14th Amendment = 1866 / Ratified 1868 Prevented the denying of rights and privileges to any U.S. citizen (male) All persons born or naturalized in the U.S. Congressional Reconstruction

9 Cont. 1866 Elections Reconstruction Act of 1867
Republicans gained control of Congress Reconstruction Act of 1867 Five military Districts Commanded by Union General / Policed by blue-clad soldiers Help with voting problems African Americans the right to vote Johnson vetoed bill Congress overrode veto

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11 Johnson Impeached Radicals thought he was blocking Reconstruction
Looking for grounds to impeach 1868 Johnson removed Secretary of War Edwin Stanton Violated Tenure of Office Act Cannot remove cabinet officer during the term of the president who appointed them without Senate approval House impeached Johnson Senate did not convict

12 Alaska William Seward --- Secretary of State 1959 1867 - 68
Arranged for the U.S. to buy Alaska from Russians $7.2 million Had some trouble persuading Congress to approve funding Called = “Seward’s Icebox” --- “Seward’s Folly” 1959 Alaska became a state 2 cents an acre

13 Grant 1868 Ulysses S. Grant wins election
500,000 African Americans voted for him 9 out of 10 15th Amendment = / Ratified 1870 No one can be kept from voting because of race, or color 1870 All former confederate states had completed process Did not end Reconstruction

14 Radical Reconstruction in South
Scalawags White Southerners = farmers Looking to improve their economic position Did not want former wealthy planters to regain power Carpetbaggers Northerners who moved to the South after the War Carried everything in a small bag = had nothing African Americans Union League

15 African Americans - Reconstruction
Established churches Center of their lives Ministers = Influential community leaders 95% illiterate Established 1st public school systems Societies for self-improvement Migrate to unite with family and find jobs 1878 – 1880 Exodusters 25,000 from Louisiana, Texas, Mississippi = Moved into Kansas

16 African Americans - Reconstruction
Now able to vote Small minority now able to hold office 16 Congressman 2 Senators 1st African American Senator Hiram Revels

17 Sharecropping Divided land and assigned each head of household a few acres Seed and tools Kept a small share of crops Gave the rest to land owners Tenant Farming Rent land = Keep crops This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA

18 Collapse Vigilante Groups KKK
Used violence to intimidate African Americans KKK Wanted to destroy Republican Party Throw out Reconstruction governments Wanted to aid planter class Prevent African Americans from exercising political rights Killed 20,000 men, women and children

19 Depression Panic of 1873 Bank Failures 5 year Depression Diverted attention from the South Undid some changes made by the Radical Republicans Southern Democrats regained control of the Region

20 Democrats 1876 13th, 14th, 15th, Amendment
Rutherford B. Hayes wins election Agreed to withdraw troops from South Reconstruction ended No real progress 13th, 14th, 15th, Amendment Foundation for important Civil Rights Legislation

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