1. Lesson 16.1: War Erupts

2. Essential Question
What were the Union and Confederate strengths, weaknesses and basic strategies at the start of the war?

3. Vocabulary
Fort Sumter – Federal base located in Charleston South Carolina harbor. Southern attack marked the beginning of the Civil War.
Robert E Lee – The talented military leader of the Confederacy.
Border State – A slave state that bordered states
in which slavery was illegal.
King Cotton – item important to the world market
grown in the South for Europe’s mills.

4. Vocabulary
Anaconda Plan – Strategy by which the Union proposed to defeat the Confederacy in the Civil War.
Blockade – When armed forces prevent the transportation of goods or people into or out of an area.
First Battle of Bull Run – 1861 South shocked the North with a victory.

5. Focus Questions
Why did President Lincoln decide to resupply Ft. Sumter?
How did states in the upper South respond to Lincoln’s call for a militia?
How did Virginia’s decision to join the Confederacy provide the South with an advantage?
Why were the border states important?

6. Focus Questions
What were the strengths of both the North and South in the war?
What were the North and South’s war strategies?
What realizations did both the North and South reach after the First Battle of Bull Run?

7. What we already know…
The election of 1860, which Abraham Lincoln won, showed how slavery had divided the country.

8. What we already know…
In 1858, Lincoln himself had warned that slavery might fatally divide the Union…
“A house divided against itself cannot stand. I believe this government cannot endure, permanently half slave and half free. It will become all one thing, or all the other.”

9. What we already know…
Between the time Lincoln was elected and his inauguration, seven Southern states seceded. By February 1861, they had formed the Confederate States of America.
Mayflower Compact = self rule

10. What we already know…
At his inaugural address on March 4, 1861, Lincoln assured the South that he had no intention of abolishing slavery, but spoke forcefully against secession.

11. The Firing on Ft. Sumter
The resupply of Fort Sumter became the first crisis for President Lincoln. By this time, the Fort had been cut off for four months, and they were running out of supplies. If Lincoln ordered the troops to leave the fort, he would be giving in to the rebels. When Lincoln notified the governor
of South Carolina that he was sending ships to resupply the fort, Lincoln was given an ultimatum to evacuate the fort immediately.
Mayflower Compact = self rule

12. The Firing on Ft. Sumter
Major Anderson, the Union commander at Ft. Sumter, refused to surrender.

13. The Firing on Ft. Sumter
Beginning at 4:30 a.m. on April 12, the Confederates, under the command of P.G.T. Beauregard, bombarded Fort Sumter from artillery batteries
surrounding the harbor. Although the Union garrison returned fire, they were significantly outgunned and, after 34 hours, Major Anderson agreed to surrender.

14. Lincoln Calls up the Militia
Two days after the surrender of Fort Sumter, President Lincoln asked the Union states to provide 75,000 militiamen for 90 days to put down the uprising in the South.
Mayflower Compact = self rule

15. Lincoln Calls up the Militia
In both the North, and South, many responded with excitement, relief, or eagerness.
Some feared the war would be over before they got a chance to fight.

16. Lincoln Calls up the Militia
Southern states that had not yet seceded reacted with shock and anger to this decision.
In the upper South, state leaders were furious and refused to furnish troops for Lincoln’s militia. They refused to fight against their “sister southern states.”
Mayflower Compact = self rule

17. Border States
After Lincoln’s call for troops, Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Arkansas joined the Confederacy.

18. Virginia’s Secession
With Virginia on its side, the Confederacy had a much better chance for victory.
The Confederacy was strengthened by Virginia’s wealth, population, and prestige.
Mayflower Compact = self rule

19. Virginia’s Secession
In recognition of Virginia’s importance, the Confederacy moved its capital to Richmond, Virginia.

20. Robert E. Lee
Lincoln prepared for the war by offering command of all Union forces to the talented general, Robert E. Lee.
* Unwilling to fight against his home state of Virginia, Lee resigned from the U.S. Army and offered his services to the Confederacy.

21. Choosing Sides
All of Virginia did not join the Confederacy! Once Virginia seceded, people in what eventually became West Virginia put in motion plans to secede
from Virginia and stay with the Union.

22. Choosing Sides
After Ft. Sumter, there were four border states. Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland and Delaware. It was important to Lincoln that the border states did not secede and join the Confederacy.

23. Choosing Sides
The location and resources of the border states made them important for both sides.

24. Choosing Sides Maryland was of great concern.
If Maryland seceded, then Washington, D.C., would be cut off from the rest of the Union!

25. Choosing Sides
Lincoln sent in troops and ordered the arrest of Maryland politicians who were sympathetic to the South.
Because of Lincoln’s decisive actions, both Maryland and Delaware stayed in the Union.

26. Choosing Sides
With the Ohio River making up its northern border and an important buffer of Kentucky, Lincoln
said,  “I hope to
have GOD on my
side, but I must
have Kentucky!"

27. Choosing Sides
Kentucky was officially neutral at the beginning of the war, but after a failed attempt by Confederate General Leonidas Polk to take the state of Kentucky for the Confederacy, the legislature petitioned the Union for assistance, and thereafter placed its loyalties to the Union.

28. Choosing Sides
Missouri was a border state which sent men, armies, generals, and supplies to both opposing sides. It had its star on both flags, had separate governments representing each side, and endured a neighbor-against-neighbor fighting.

29. Choosing Sides
Missouri served as a gateway to the west. Rivers meant transportation. Missouri provided access to both the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers.

30. Choosing Sides
Missouri went through many internal battles, but decided to stay with the Union.

31. Strengths & Weaknesses
The Union strengths:
Advantage in manpower and resources
22 million in population
85% of the nation’s factories
Double the railroad mileage
Almost all the naval power and shipyards
The Union weaknesses:
-Had to fight an offensive war
-Northern supply lines would have to be stretched
very far

32. Strengths & Weaknesses
The Confederate strengths:
Able generals, such as Robert E Lee
Advantage of fighting a defensive war
Soldiers defending their home had more will to fight

33. The Confederate Strategy
The South grew most of the cotton for Europe
Southern farmers withheld cotton from the market.
They hoped to force France & Britain to help with the Confederate cause.
The plan backfired… Europe had a surplus of cotton and didn’t want to be involved in the American War.
As the war went on, the South changed its strategy and took the offense to try for big victories.

34. The Union Strategy
The North wanted to bring the southern states back into the Union.
The North developed an “offensive strategy”
The Anaconda Plan: smother the South’s economy like a giant snake squeezing its prey!
Naval blockade to prevent movement of goods into the South.
Gain control of the Mississippi River – this would split the Confederacy in two.

35. Battle of Bull Run
Lincoln ordered an invasion of Virginia and an attack on the Confederate capital, Richmond.
To take Richmond, Union soldiers would have to first defeat Confederate troops at Manassas, Virginia.
July 21, 1861, Union forces clashed with Confederate forces near a little creek called “Bull Run”

36. Battle of Bull Run
Both the Confederate and Union forces were equal in number.
Confederates attacked the Union line with a “rebel scream”!
The Union troops panicked, broke rank, and scattered.
The Confederate victory in the first battle of Bull Run thrilled the South and shocked the North!

37. Battle of Bull Run
Due to the Confederate victory, the North realized it had underestimated the South.
Lincoln called for a real army of 500,000 volunteers for three years.
Due to The Bull Run victory the South believed the war was already won!