1. Julius Nyerere
Economic Developments, Ujamaa Villages, Social Policies, and Overall Assessment

2. Economic policies
Many African countries, after gaining their independence in the early 1960s, tried various economic policies to bring economic development to the newly-found country.
In spite of the fact that Tanzania was landlocked, under the leadership of "Mwalimu" (teacher) Nyerere, the country invoked economic policies aimed to raise the living standard

3. Three Main Issues of Tanzania's economy
These were:
poverty,
disease
ignorance.
Ways he tried to solve them:
Development Plan for Tanganyika ('61-'64)
First Five Year Plan ('64-'69)
Second Five Year Plan ('69-'74)
Third Five Year Plan ('76-'81)
Fourth Five Year Plan ('81-'86)

4. Development Plan of Tanganyika ('61-'64)
Under this plan, three sectors of Tanganyika society would be targeted to receive priority financing:
Agriculture (24%)
Communication, Power and Works (28.8%)
Education (13.7%)
The plan was developed by British civil servants and aimed at developing import substituting industries (ISI) in order to modernize Tanzania and reduce external borrowing

5. The First Five Year Plan ('64-'69)
It aimed at stimulating the economy to produce a projected 6,7% increase in gross domestic product (GDP).
It was only a partial success, the economic growth reaching a 5,3%. Despite the financial support given by the Tanzanian government, the growth rates were disappointing and did not reach the desired results.
Between '61 and '67, the population increased at about 2.3%, while the economic rate of growth was between 4.3% and 5%.

6. Tanzanian Population Growth
Year
Total Population
Average Annual Growth Rate (percent)
1948 (excluding Zanzibar and Pemba)
7,981,120 -
1957 (excluding Zanzibar and Pemba)
9,600,852
2,25
1967
12,313,469
2,82
1978
17,527,564
3,30
HANDMADE
CAMEROON
&
ANDREI

7. Ujamaa villages & Self- Reliance
The First Development plan was not successful, but because Tanzania had proven to be self-sufficient, Nyerere brought up the idea of self-reliance.
He proposed Ujamaa Villages in the Arusha Declaration of These were similar to the cooperatives from Mao's First Five Year Plan.
Families had to move into communities to farm, instead of individual plots.
The goal was to increase efficiency and production. Nyerere thought it would make it easier for the government to provide services such as medicine and education, as well as eliminate a class divide. (Pearson, )

8. Nyerere visiting a rural village

9. Response to the Ujamaa Villages
By October 1977, over 13 million people had moved into the villages, but the economic effects of the villages were negative.
Villagers learned the reality of the system and began to oppose by working on their individual plots and not putting in as much effort. They also had no direct profit since everything belonged to the villages.
Violence between the government and the peasants began. The government responded forcefully by making the peasants move into settlements (Pearson, 202).

10. Outcome of the Ujamaa Villages
These forced migrations were part of Operation Rufiji and Operation Dodoma in the early 1970's.
As opposition grew, very few of the villages were producing what was needed for economic growth. It is argued that amount of grain produced could not feed the whole population of Tanzania.
There was also a maize production crisis, which led to a drop in cash crop exports, an increase in maize import, and a decrease in cotton exports.
As a result, a large deficit was created and Tanzania's dependence on oversea loans increased (Pearson, 203).

11. Tanzanian Economy After Ujamaa Villages
Tanzania's GDP had dropped to about 2.2 percent in 1974, and the overall standard of living was dropping nationwide
By 1980, Tanzanian economy was nearly bankrupt, due to a $500 million cost of war with Uganda
By 1985, the end of Nyerere's presidency, inflation was running at 40% and the shilling's value decreased by 25% from 1984
(Pearson Pg )

12. Goals of Nyerere's Social Policies
Increase the literacy rate of children and adults
Increase amount of children in primary schools
Increase life-expectancy
(Pearson Pg )

13. Results of Nyerere's Social Policies
More children entering primary school and more adults becoming literate, but there were limited resources in rural schools.
The number of hospitals and qualified doctors increased as well as access to clean water. The life expectancy went from in 1961 to to over 50 by 1977.
(Pearson 208)

14. Post 1977
The quality of education diminished after the introduction of universal primary schools in 1976.
Rural health care became insufficient.
The issue of discrimination against women, because of Tanzania's traditional patriarchal society, was not changed or addressed by Nyerere.
Women were not usually allowed to own or inherit land as part of the household.
Women were less likely to be hired over men.
Women were seldom put in charge of cash crops.
(Peirson pg. 209)

15. Conclusion on Social & Economic Policies
By 1985 there had been many improvements for Tanzanians, but it wasn't to the scale promised by Nyerere.
"I would not change a thing... We stated what we stood for, we laid down a code of conduct for our leaders and we made an effort to achieve our goals."
-Julius Nyerere, 1999.
(Peirson, 209)

16. Assessment of Nyerere Opinions are divided on Nyerere. His rule, from
'61 to '85, did bring some
unity and peace to Tanzania.
On the other hand, his economic policies were unsound and he plunged Tanzania into debt.
Fred Halla

17. Some positives
Unlike many other African nations, Nyerere's rise to power was peaceful and smooth, and was accomplished quickly.
He gave Tanzania a common language, a sense of unity, and years of peace.
He stepped down voluntarily in '85.
He had a clear vision for Tanzania (found in the 1967 Arusha Declaration) and put much of it into place.
He created a more self-sufficient and unified Tanzania
[Pearson, 211]

18. Some negatives
His attempt at collectivization devastated Tanzania; the country was bankrupt by '85 and became dependent on foreign aid.
The forced relocation of millions led to a fall in agricultural production.
As he began to be criticized, Nyerere got more authoritarian and violent, leading to further criticism.
The EAC collapsed in '77 and he drifted away from the OAU, both groups which he had a hand in creating.
[Pearson, 211]

19. Some final remarks
"Most Western Judges of Julius Nyerere have concentrated on his economic policies and their failures. Ujamaa and villagization have been seen as forces of economic retardation which kept Tanzania backward for at least another decade. Not enough commentators have paid attention to Nyerere's achievements in nation-building. He gave Tanzanians a sense of national consciousness and a spirit of national purpose."
-Obituary in The Nation, 17 October 1999
"The Tanzanian experiment offers good evidence that saints do not really make very good presidents."
-Stanley Meisler, 'Saints and Presidents: A Commentary on Julius Nyerere', 1996

20. Bibliography
History 20th Century World - Authoritarian and Single-Party States: pg (slide 2-19) -
"Ujamaa Villages: The Social Experiment That Failed." Ujamaa Villages. N.p., n d. Web. 30 Oct < (slide 8)

21. Authors: Economic Development : Andrei Enache
Ujamaa villages : Nikki Guillery
Economy post-Ujamaa : Joe Cullen
Social policies : Hannah Steinkopf-Frank
Final Assessment : Cameron Fish