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Hydrology- Science of Water
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Water Use For the next four minutes list how many times a day you use water either directly or indirectly
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WATER Is one of our most precious RESOURCES
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The water cycle the amount of water on and around this planet is fairly constant availability of water is not as constant
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Dry Season
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Rainy Season
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Water Distribution 97% is in oceans 2% is freshwater
1% is frozen in glaciers and icecaps
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The water cycle water is continuously moving from place to place
the water cycle is called the hydrologic cycle
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The water cycle powered by solar energy
heats the water causing it to rise into the atmosphere called evaporation
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The water cycle Fact: if the oceans were not recharged, their water level would decrease over 40 inches per year
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The water cycle rainwater accounts for only 1% of the total water supply rain is vital in keeping the water balance on earth
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Terminology Evaporation- vaporization of liquid through heat
Transpiration- passage of water through a plant
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Condensation-water vapor condenses into liquid
Precipitation-water falling due to gravity
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Run-off: the flow of water, from rain, snow melt, or other sources, over land
Infiltration- Seeping into ground Groundwater-located beneath earths surface
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WATER CYCLE WATER IN ATMOSPHERE PRECIPITATION EVAPORATION WATER /ICE
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Three zones Surface Zone of aeration
dry soil accepts water until saturated Zone of aeration empty spaces filled with air, extends from the deepest roots to just above the water table
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Three zones Groundwater zone below zone of aeration
water saturated rocks called aquifers can equal about 100 years of surface runoff volume
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Aquifer
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Industry uses more water than any other raw material
only a small part of the water is actually consumed used as a medium for other processes
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Industry Canning Cool ovens Boil the product Wash away wastes
water is used to clean product and the containers Cool ovens Boil the product Wash away wastes
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How Its Made
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Industry may become part of the product
most water is recycled or returned to the natural water cycle in a drainage ditch or stream
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Industry paper is made in water
industry draws about 40 billion gallons of water per day water supply - major factor in location of industry
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Industry strong pollution control methods to recycle water rather than draw from an outside source
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Hydroelectric plants major use of water
US leads the world in hydroelectric power supplies only a small portion of our needs
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Hydroelectric Plants concern is with damming of rivers
fish runs are interrupted habitat is changed puts wildlife in danger
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Fish and Wildlife the way water is handled affects the fish in the water and the wildlife around the water
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Fish and Wildlife land wildlife, inland birds, waterfowl
different species require different types of water
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Fish and Wildlife some fish prosper in cold mountain streams
some may prefer fast running rapids
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Recreation boating, water skiing, fishing, sailing and swimming
Swimming pools require a lot of water to keep them in compliance with health regulations.
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Recreation Frozen water activities ice skating hockey snowboarding
skiing
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Domestic Uses cooking baths or showers carry away wastes
Each American uses more water than any other person in the world
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Domestic Uses In the US each person uses approximately 150 gallons of water per day Bath 3-40 gallons Shower 5 gallons per minute
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Domestic Uses Wash clothes flush the toilet
30 gallons flush the toilet 3 gallons Water the lawn and garden, wash cars Fire protection
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Use How wasteful can we be and still have enough clean water to survive?
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Pollution The presence of a SUBSTANCE in water, air, or soil that makes them OFFENSIVE to humans.
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Water Water that is suitable for DRINKING is referred to as POTABLE
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Sources of Pollution Oil Products Soil Erosion Animal and Human Waste
Chemical fertilizers, pesticides, and herbicides
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An increase in the amount of NUTRIENTS in an environment
Eutrophication An increase in the amount of NUTRIENTS in an environment
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Nutrients Nutrients in water are expressed in terms of PARTS PER MILLIONS (PPM)
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Nitrates Nitrates are a common source of POLLUTION
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Sources of Nitrates Animal Waste Human Waste Chemical fertilizers Dead and decaying organisms
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Eutrophication One of the first INDICATIONS of eutrophication in water is the presence of ALGAE
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Eutrophication Also known as POND SCUM
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Sewage Treatment Plants Septic Tanks Waste Lagoons
Waste Control Sewage Treatment Plants Septic Tanks Waste Lagoons
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Sewage Treatment Plants
Larger towns and cities Treat waste water increase D.O. Use Oxygenation, Chlorine, & UV Light
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Settling tank and Drain Field
Septic Tanks Used in rural areas Settling tank and Drain Field Will not work if area is densely populated
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Waste Lagoons Used in dairies, feed lots, and some towns and cities
Logan and Perry Animal waste is stored in a settling pond where it is decomposed by anaerobic bacteria
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Occurs in both groundwater and in surface water
Water Pollution Occurs in both groundwater and in surface water
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Water stored in underground lakes called aquifers
Ground water Water stored in underground lakes called aquifers
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Water is absorbed by the soil as it flows into the aquifers
Surface Water Water is absorbed by the soil as it flows into the aquifers
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Non-Point Source Pollution
Pollution that originates from many sources Ex. Excess fertilizer run off in residential areas
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Point source pollution
Pollution that results from a single source Example: Air pollution from Geneva steel
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Erosion Our largest environmental problem Wasting away of soil by wind or water
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Two main problems of erosion
The loss of Topsoil The pollution of water by the erosion of soil
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Soil Erosion Damage Loss of topsoil Pollution of rivers and streams
Kills fish and plants Decreases dissolved oxygen Sedimentation- blocks available sunlight Zooplankton die
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Soil Conservation Service
An agency organized to help prevent the loss of topsoil and to stop erosion caused by the washing away of soil.
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Examples of soil conservation practices
Windbreaks- trees Terracing- ridges prevent erosion Crop rotation- changing crops Contour plowing- following natural elevation No-till and minimum till planting
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A piece of land that stays underwater for most of the year
Wetlands A piece of land that stays underwater for most of the year
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Wetlands provide several roles
Habitat Filtering of water Water storage Flood prevention
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EPA Regulations Restrict use Incentives to preserve wetlands Permit must be obtained before land can be disturbed
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