1. SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
Historical changes in thought, belief, and science.
Emergence of modern science
Developments in mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology, and chemistry
Changed the views about nature

2. Identify the discoveries for EACH scientist below
Identify the discoveries for EACH scientist below. Also, identify the significance of each discovery.
Ptolemy
Copernicus
Galileo
Newton
Descartes
Bacon

3. The Scientific Revolution

4. The Scientific Revolution
Intellectual and cultural transformation
Began in Europe
Mid-1500s to early 1700s
Knowledge acquired through: careful observations, controlled experiments, the formulation of general laws, and mathematical expressions
No more reliance on: the authority of the Bible, the Church, the speculations of ancient philosophers, or of cultural tradition

5. The Question of Origins: Why Europe?
Independence for universities = scholars had the freedom to pursue their studies without interference from the Church or political authorities
Cambridge University in England

6. Why Not the Islamic World?
Focus in colleges/universities = Studied Quran and religious law
Religious scholars = viewed science and philosophy with suspicion
Science might challenge the Quran
To them = Quran holds all the wisdom
Science and philosophy lead to uncertainty and confusion

7. Why Not China?
Chinese education = focused on preparing males for the civil service examinations
Chinese authorities = did not allow independent institutions of learning where scholars could pursue their studies freely

8. Claudius Ptolemy Greatest astronomer
Combined ideas from Aristotle and Christianity
Created Ptolemaic System

9. Ptolemaic System Placed the Earth at the center of the universe
Geocentric theory
Earth remained still
Planets on spheres
Heaven

10. Nicolaus Copernicus 1473-1543 Polish astronomer
At the forefront of the Scientific Revolution
Started at a time when few people dared to question old beliefs and superstitions
Heliocentric, sun centered

11. Nicolaus Copernicus
Believed the Earth was round & that it rotated around the sun
Said the sun, not the Earth, was the center of the universe
Challenged the idea that the Earth was unique and at the center of God’s attention

12. Johannes Kepler 1571-1630 German astronomer & mathematician
Used math formulas to show that the planets revolved around the sun
Elliptical (egg shaped) movement
Planets don’t always travel at the same speed - move faster as they approach the sun

13. Galileo Galilei 1564-1642 Italian mathematician
Improved the telescope to make it more powerful
Observed: sunspots, mountains on the moon, Jupiter’s moons
Supported theories of Copernicus
Book banned by the Catholic Church

14. Galileo Galilei Faced heated opposition by the Catholic Church
Placed under house arrest for 50 years
Where he made most of his discoveries & achievements

15. Trial of Galileo

16. Sir Isaac Newton
Formulated modern laws of motion and mechanics
Developed calculus = system of math that calculates changing forces or quantities
Proved that math can be used to explain the universe

17. Sir Isaac Newton 1687 = published theories about gravity
Prevents objects from flying off the Earth; also holds the solar system together
All physical objects were affected equally by the same forces
Every object in the universe attracts every other object=Law of Universal Gravitation
Degree of attraction depends on mass of objects and distance between them.

18. Francis Bacon 1561-1626 English philosopher
Truth found through investigation & evidence
Experiment and draw your own conclusions
Helped develop scientific method
1. Observe
2. Make hypothesis
3. Test hypothesis
4. Conclusion

19. Rene Descartes 1596-1650 French philosopher & mathematician
Invented analytic geometry
Linked Algebra and Geometry
Truth gained through mathematics and logical deduction (reason)
Relied on math and logic as opposed to experimentation
Everything should be doubted until proved by reason
Only thing he knew for certain was that he existed: “I think, therefore I am.”

20. BELLRINGER
Why was Galileo’s book banned by the Catholic Church?

21. Opinion was contrary to church dogma
1633
Opinion was contrary to church dogma
Earth revolves around the Sun
The church believed the Sun moved around the Earth. Which the church considered to be an absolute fact of scripture.
Fear that it would weaken people’s faith
300 years later, Galileo’s name was cleared

22. GROUP PROJECT Pick one scientist
Background info and major discovery/theory
How did the discovery/theory challenge old beliefs?
The impact of discovery/theory today
Illustration of discovery