1. PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE by Armahedi Mahzar
11/10/2018
PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE by Armahedi Mahzar
WEEK 3
SYSTEMATIC External Aspect
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2. Last Week SYSTEMATICS Science as it seen by a scientist
Explicit Aspects
Objects
Structure
Character
Methods
Processes
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3. SYSTEMATICS Science as seen by non-scientist
External Aspects
Goals
Function
Contexts
Originnon
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4. Goals of Science Discovering the regularities in nature for
manipulating the natural phenomena and
conquering the natural limitations to
raise the welfare of humankind
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5. Function of Science Interpretation Explanation Description Control
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6. Contexts of Science Material Sociological Context
Technology
Economy
Ideological Cultural Context
Philosophy
Ideology
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7. The Origin of Modern Science
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8. The ancients Mythological Egypt Logical Greek
Plato: dodecahedral universe
Aristotle: geocentric spheres
Democritus: atom & void
Ptolemy: circular orbits
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9. Mythical Creation of the Universe
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10. Plato (427-347 BC ) on the Universe
Universe is a perfect organism without organs
Demiurge selects as the basic corpuscles (sômata, “bodies”) four of the five regular solids:
the tetrahedron for fire,
the octahedron for air,
the icosahedron for water, and
the cube for earth
To create universe
The remaining regular solid, the dodecahedron, is “used for the universe as a whole,”
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11. Aristotle’s Universe The universe as a hierarchy of concentric sphere
The etherial sphere is the abode of stars
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12. Democritus (460–370 BC)
There are two fundamentally different kinds of realities composing the natural world, infinity of indivisible atoms and infinite void.
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13. Ptolemy (85-126): Geocentric universe
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14. Renaissance Pre Galilean : naked eye astronomy
Giodarno Bruno: infinite space
Tycho Brahe: bicentric universe
Nicolas Copernicus: heliocentric universe
Johannes Kepler: non-circular orbit
Galileo Galilei: Invention of telescope
Milky Way: collection of stars
Parabolic projectile motion
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15. Giodarno Bruno ( )
Wrote the book De l'infinito, universo e mondi, 1584
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16. Tycho Brahe ( )
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17. Johannes Kepler (1571 –1630)
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18. Copernicus (1473 –1543) Revolution
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19. Before Galileo
Nicolo Tartaglia
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20. Galileo Galilei (1564 – 1642)
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21. 17th Century Isaac Newton (1643 – 1712)
Newtonian Synthesis: with his
3 Laws of Motion
1 Law of Gravitation
he derived
the Kepler Laws of elliptic planetary motion
Galileo parabolic projectile motion
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22. A Clockwork Universe
An orrery (a mechanical model of the Solar System) can be taken as a metaphor for the clockwork Universe of Newtonian mechanics
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23. The Origin 1 (Newtonian Paradigm Shift)
Organismic Aristotlean Physics
Universe is living organism
Universe is geocentric
Matter is continuous
Space is finite
Time is cyclic
Mechanical Newtonian Physics
Universe is dead machine
Universe is heliocentric
Matter is atomic
Space is infinite
Time is linear
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24. The Origin 2 (Newtonian Paradigm Shift)
Organismic Aristotlean Physics
Motion is explained
Stability is natural
Motion is caused by force
The origin of force is the Prime Mover
There are 4 kinds of causes
Mechanical Newtonian Physics
Motion is described
Inertial motion is natural
Change of speed and direction caused by force
The origin of force is other material objects
The efficient cause is the only cause
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25. Impact of Newtonian Mechanics
The mechanism paradigm then expanded to the life and social sciences
Biology: mechanism of evolution
Sociology: mechanism of government
Psychology: psychic defence mechanism
Economy: free market mechanism
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