1. Tolerance & Succession
What lives where & why

2. Community:
All orgainsims that live in an area
Ecosystem:
community + Abiotic
Habitat:
where an organism lives
Niche:
role an organism plays in community

3. Limiting Factors
factors that restrict the numbers or distribution of organisms
Plant limiting factors:
P & N water
sunlight temp
Soil

4. Animal Limiting Factors
Food (determined by plants)
Temp
Water
Shelter/nest sites
Other animals, predators/parasites

5. Biome Type Determined by:
Temperature & Water
determine plants types
plants set up food chain & shelter so…..
determine type of animals

6. Temp & Water based on… 1) Latitude: 2) Altitude:
Farther from equator = colder
Weather patterns based on latitude determine precipitation
2) Altitude:
Higher up = colder
Windward side = lots of rain
Leeward side = rain shadow

9. Rain shadow
Windward side

10. Biomes of Rocky Mountains

11. Wetlands Reduce flooding Filter sediment & toxins out of water
nurseries for fish & shellfish
homes for many species
High species diversity

12. More Terms: Biodiversity: # different species of organism
more diversity = more stable system
Dominant Species:
Species with the most biomass
Greatly affect other species

13. Invasive Species Non-native species invade an ecosystem
Also called exotic species
May have no predators in new ecosystem
Represent a dead-end in the food chain
Out-compete native organisms decreasing
species diversity

14. Michigan Invasive Species
Spotted knapweed Sea lamprey
Phragmities Spiny water flea
Honeysuckle Zebra mussel
Purple Loosestrife Emerald Ash borer
Buckthorn
Russian Olive

17. Biological Control
Use one organism to control the population of another organism.
Protists: microsporidia to control insects
Fungi:
Bacteria:
Insects:

18. Pioneer & Climax Communities
Pioneer = first organisms to move in
New area
Disturbed area (after fire, plowing)
Climax = last community to move in
community stays same for long time
very little change
highest species diversity

19. Seres
Successive communities that replace each other in ecological succession
Each sere changes the environment making it easier for the next sere to move in = facilitation
Each new sere outcompetes the previous sere
(competitve exclusion)

20. Primary Succession First organisms to live on that piece of ground
1) volcanic islands
2) rock slides
3) a humans dig a lake

21. Secondary Succession 2nd time a community has grown there
1) after forest fire or flood
2) abandoned farmer’s fields
3) vacant lots

22. Traits of pioneer species
A) Primary succession
1) very hardy
2) tolerate full sun, drought, little – no soil
3) low species diversity
4) r-selected (tolerate high mortality)
5) poor competitors in less hostile habitat

23. Traits of pioneer species
B) Secondary succession
1) weeds – good dispersal fast growth
2) annuals
3) full sun, drought tolerant
4) r –selected
5) poor competitors - oportunistic

24. Seres of secondary Weeds- annuals - grow quick
Perennial grasses & flowers young shrubs
Shrubs & sun loving trees (pines)
Shade loving trees (deciduous)
seedlings that can grow in shade replace
sun-loving trees as older trees die

25. Seres of primary
Lichen- grow on bare rock. Mutualism btwn lichen and algae. Break down rock add orgaics
Mosses & Ferns. Trap moisture add to soil
Flowers young trees/shrubs
Trees/forest plants

26. Biome determined by abiotic
Very little water …succession ends with desert grasses/shrubs or cacti
Dry seasons, low precipitation …. Succ ends with Grass lands/savanna (not enough water for trees)
Water available long growing season but cold winter
deciduous trees
Water available but short growing season (cold)
evergreen trees (tiaga or boreal forest)
Water and warm all year – tropical rain forest