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Organic Molecules Category Building blocks of the cell (monomer)

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Presentation on theme: "Organic Molecules Category Building blocks of the cell (monomer)"— Presentation transcript:

1 Organic Molecules Category Building blocks of the cell (monomer)
Larger units of the cell (polymers) Carbohydrates monosaccharide (simple sugar) polysaccharide (complex sugar) Proteins amino acids polypeptide Lipids Fatty acids, Glycerol Lipid Nucleic Acids Nucleotide Nucleic acid

2 Organic Molecules Carbon = building block of organic molecules
6 protons 6 electrons Carbon = building block of organic molecules Carbon is unique Unstable: 2nd level not full Will bond up to four times 1 1 4 2 2 3

3 Organic Molecules Carbon = building block of organic molecules
monomer monomer Carbon = building block of organic molecules Carbon is unique Unstable: 2nd level not full Will bond up to four times Monomer: Small carbon molecules Ex: Amino acid Polymer: chain of linked monomers Ex: Protein monomer monomer monomer Polymer monomer monomer monomer monomer monomer

4 Organic Molecules Carbon = building block of organic molecules
Amino acid Amino acid Carbon = building block of organic molecules Carbon is unique Unstable: 2nd level not full Will bond up to four times Monomer: Small carbon molecules Ex: Amino acid Polymer: chain of linked monomers Ex: Protein Amino acid Amino acid Amino acid Protein Amino acid Amino acid Amino acid Amino acid Amino acid

5 Organic Molecules Carbon = building block of organic molecules
Simple sugar Simple sugar Carbon = building block of organic molecules Carbon is unique Unstable: 2nd level not full Will bond up to four times Monomer: Small carbon molecules Ex: Amino acid Polymer: chain of linked monomers Ex: Protein Simple sugar Simple sugar Simple sugar Complex sugar Simple sugar Simple sugar Simple sugar Simple sugar Simple sugar

6 Organic Molecules Carbon = building block of organic molecules
nucleotide nucleotide Carbon = building block of organic molecules Carbon is unique Unstable: 2nd level not full Will bond up to four times Monomer: Small carbon molecules Ex: Amino acid Polymer: chain of linked monomers Ex: Protein nucleotide nucleotide nucleotide Nucleic acid nucleotide nucleotide nucleotide nucleotide nucleotide

7 H Is Carbon stable with 4 electrons in its outer layer? Is Hydrogen stable with 1 electron in its layer? Stable H C H C 1 dash = 2 electrons Stable Stable H C C Stable H Stable So what do atoms do when they are unstable? Problem: Drawing dot diagrams is time consuming. Try this instead! H They bond. This is the molecule methane, CH4.

8 The Same Thing… F C F C 1 dash = 2 electrons

9 Carbon creates 4 bonds to be stable
How many electrons? Single bonds 1 Dash = 2 electrons

10 Carbon creates 4 bonds to be stable
How many electrons? Single bonds Very complex 1 Dash = 2 electrons

11 Carbon creates 4 bonds to be stable
How many electrons? Single bonds Very complex Double bonds 1 Dash = 2 electrons

12 Carbon creates 4 bonds to be stable
How many electrons? Triple bonds Single bonds Very complex Double bonds 1 Dash = 2 electrons

13 Carbon creates 4 bonds to be stable
How many electrons? Triple bonds Ring structures Single bonds Very complex Double bonds 1 Dash = 2 electrons

14 Carbohydrates Readily available food source C1: H2: O1 ratio
monosaccharide Glucose (C6H12O6) Readily available food source C1: H2: O1 ratio Ex: Glucose = C6 H12 O6 Monomer: Monosaccharides Simple sugars Bond to form complex sugars Polymer: Polysaccharide Complex sugars monosaccharide monosaccharide monosaccharide monosaccharide Poly-saccharide monosaccharide monosaccharide Fructose (C6H12O6) monosaccharide monosaccharide monosaccharide

15 Carbohydrates Readily available food source C1: H2: O1 ratio
Ex: Glucose = C6 H12 O6 Monomer: Monosaccharides Simple sugars Bond to form complex sugars Polymer: Polysaccharide Complex sugars How do the monosaccharides bond together? Dehydration synthesis Monosaccharide 1 Monosaccharide 2 HO OH Monosaccharide 3 HO OH HO OH H2O O H2O O

16 Opposite Reactions Dehydration synthesis Water molecule (H2O) removed
Polysaccharide Monomer 1 Monomer 2 water Dehydration synthesis Water molecule (H2O) removed Causes monomers to bond into polymers (large molecules built)

17 Opposite Reactions Dehydration synthesis Water molecule (H2O) removed
Polysaccharide Water Monomer 1 Monomer 2 Dehydration synthesis Water molecule (H2O) removed Causes monomers to bond into polymers (large molecules built) Hydrolysis Water molecule (H2O) added Causes polymers to break into monomers (large molecule broken apart) All organic molecules built/reduced by these reactions

18 Dehydration Synthesis
Monosaccharide 1 Monosaccharide 2 HO OH Monosaccharide 3 HO OH HO OH H2O O H2O O Hydrolysis Monosaccharide 1 HO OH Monosaccharide 1 Monosaccharide 2 HO OH Monosaccharide 2 O Monosaccharide 3 HO OH Monosaccharide 3 OH HO O H2O H2O

19 Carbohydrate Polymers: Polysaccharide
glucose glucose glucose glucose glucose Polysaccharides: Long chain of monosaccharides Ex: Starch: excess plant sugar converted & stored

20 Carbohydrate Polymers: Polysaccharide
About 30,000 glucose monomers make up glycogen Polysaccharides: Long chain of monosaccharides Ex: Starch: excess plant sugar converted & stored Ex: Glycogen: animal starch stored in liver & muscles

21 Carbohydrate Polymers: Polysaccharide
Cell wall Plasma membrane Polysaccharides: Long chain of monosaccharides Ex: Starch: excess plant sugar converted & stored Ex: Glycogen: animal starch stored in liver & muscles Ex: Cellulose: used in plants to make cell walls

22 Practice Questions How many electrons does Carbon have in the 1st energy level? 2nd energy level? Which type of organic molecule is most commonly used as energy for cells? If a carbohydrate has 8 carbon atoms, how many oxygen and hydrogen atoms will it most likely contain? What are the monomers of carbohydrates called? What are the polymers of carbohydrates called? How does dehydration and hydrolysis differ? Which polymer is stored by animals? Which polymer is stored by plants?

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