1. African-American Civil Rights Movement, 1954-68
The movement was based upon largely non-violent actions geared towards desegregation of public facilities and schools, equal voting rights, and economic justice.

2. “Let us realize the arc of the moral universe is long, but it bends toward justice.” 

3. KKK in the 1960’s

4. KKK and White Supremacy Today

6. Banned White Supremacy Images in Germany

7. Rosa Parks (1955) Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955 – 1956)
Refuses to give up her seat
Montgomery Bus
Boycott (1955 – 1956)
Forces city of Montgomery,
Alabama to end bus segregation

8. “Little Rock Nine (1957) …”

9. Birmingham Campaign, March 3 – April 10, 1963
Campaign to bring national attention to segregation in Birmingham, AL.
Effort to racially integrate city’s restaurants, public facilities, schools, and stores.

10. MOST IMPORTANT CIVIL RIGHTS LEGISLATION
Civil Rights Act of 1964
Federal govt. has broad power to prevent racial discrimination and racial segregation made illegal
Voting Rights Act of 1965
U.S. Attorney General authorized to register qualified voters to bypass local officials; literacy tests made illegal; and the Federal govt. has overview of elections

11. George Wallace
A supporter of segregation in Alabama, he is a national symbol for this movement.
Governor of Alabama: 1963 – 1967, 1971 – 1979, 1983 – 1987

12. American Indian Civil Rights Movement
Native Americans economic situation … & “termination”
Federal govt. withdrew recognition of Native American citizens as having a “special status”
Indian Relocation Act of 1956
Benefits & assistance to leave reservation and move to cities

13. Incident at Wounded Knee
“We Shall Remain – Wounded Knee”: What is the importance and meaning of this local historical event?
1973 – Occupation at
Wounded Knee, SD
Feb. 27 – May 5, 1973, 71-day occupation
Why?
(1) Frustration over Richard Wilson, Tribal Chairman
(2) Anger over lost land and $$$$ promises
Rapid City
Wounded Knee

14. American Indian Civil Rights Movement
Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act of 1975 …
Grants / $$$$ for contracts with Tribes to support …
- Resource management
- Law enforcement
- Education & childcare
- Environmental protection

15. “Domino Theory” in Asia
The idea that “if one nation falls to communism, its neighboring countries will also fall under communist rule.”
“MAD”
Mutually Assured Destruction

16. ** Soviet Union does not allow free and fair democratic elections
At Yalta, three major agreements:
** February 4 to 11, 1945
(1) Agreement about political future of Poland
(2) Declaration of Liberated Europe
(3) Germany divided into spheres of occupation
** Soviet Union does not allow free and fair democratic elections

17. ** Tensions increase due to German reparations
At Potsdam, a major agreement on reparations:
** 17 July to 2 August 1945.
** Tensions increase due to German reparations
between the Soviet Union and the United States.

18. The Cold War (1945 – 1990)
Containment ** This was the policy of preventing the expansion of communism to other areas of the world
Truman
- Using ground troops and avoiding nuclear threats
Eisenhower
- Using covert operations and threatening nuclear war
Kennedy
- Uses covert operations and “military advisors” in Vietnam

19. Bretton Woods Conference (1944)
World Bank (1945)
IMF (1945) – International Monetary Fund
GATT (1948) – General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
United Nations (1945)
Declaration of Human Rights (1948)
Third Geneva Conventions (1948)
“Humane” treatment of prisoners
Wounded and sick to be cared for
Marshall Plan (1948)
$13 Billion in economic aid; money has to be spent on U.S. goods
Economic aid to rebuild Europe
Truman Doctrine (1947)
Economic aid for military support to stop the spread of Communism

20. Cold War Begins Post-WWII Alliances
NATO – North Atlantic Treaty organization
U.S., Canada, European countries
Warsaw Pact – alliance of Soviet satellite states

21. Another Important Cold War Alliance
SEATO (Southeast Asia Treaty Organization) (1954)
Involves the countries of Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, the Philippines, and Australia
Martin, America and Its Peoples 5e

22. Angela Merkel

23. Korean War (1950-53) and General Douglas MacArthur
North & South Korea established after WWII …
Korean War begins when North attacks South …
Gen. MacArthur fired when he publicly disagrees with the president …
DMZ established after the end of Korean War …

24. (Handout) United States Occupation of Japan (1945 – 1952)
Major changes to Japanese society:
(1) Article 9 - "Peace Clause“ the Japanese government must renounce war and banned the military
(2) Democracy, w/ men and women voting
(3) Emperor made a figurehead; power transferred to the people
(4) Japan’s economy rebuilt & people fed

25. “Duck and Cover” - Hmm, how effective might this have been?
- Nuclear fallout
- Federal Civil Defense Administration (1951)
School-practiced drills to survive a nuclear bomb attack
Encouraged Americans to build bomb shelters
“Duck and Cover”
(9:15)
The naïve attempts of Bert the Turtle to survive the firecracker of his monkey nemesis in the 1952 film Duck and Cover were overshadowed by the reality of the 1954 H-Bomb.

26. “Space Race”
Werhner von Braun
Sergei Korolev

27. “Space Race” Crisis of Sputnik (1957) … Soviet R-7 Rocket (1957) …
Establish NASA (1958) …
Yuri Gargarin (1961) …
Apollo 11 (1969) …
Crisis of Sputnik (1957) …

28. Changes in American Society, Post-WWII
“Baby Boomers” …
, 65 million children born
Federal Highway Act of 1956
Largest public works program in world history
10-year effort, constructing more than 40,000 miles of interstate highways

29. Changes in American Society, Post-WWII
G.I. Bill (1944)
Low-cost mortgages, low-interest loans to start businesses, college tuition & living expenses to attend university, or vocational education

30. Changes in American Society, Post-WWII
Levittown and Suburban America
Mass produced homes, providing Americans homes outside cities
** Reasons for the growth of Suburbia …

31. Flood Control Act of 1944, “Pick Sloan Act”

32. ** Handout, “1950’s America”

33. 1950’s American Prosperity
97% of eligible people for marriage were married
U.S. owned 80% of the world’s electrical goods
Average American ate 50% more food than the Average European
U.S. population, 5% of world’s population had more wealth than rest of world

34. The Red Scare Begins McCarthyism - Intimidating witnesses
”How to Spot a Communist” (1:04)
McCarthyism
- Intimidating witnesses
- False accusations
- Fake evidence
- Ruining careers
- In order to gain political support for himself

35. 1960 Presidential Election
vs John F. Kennedy
Richard Nixon
How did television impact the 1960 Presidential Election?

36. Cuban Revolution,
Castro Dramatically reforms Cuban society, establishing socialist reforms
* Castro’s revolution gains strength in Sierra Maestra Mountains …
* Batista flees Cuba on 1 Jan., 1959, resulting in his overthrow
* Jan., 2, 1959, Castro
marches into Santiago
* Jan 8, 1959, Castro
marches into Havana

37. Bay of Pigs Invasion, April, 1961 - Failed U. S
Bay of Pigs Invasion, April, Failed U.S. attempt to depose Fidel Castro and his Communist regime
- In response to U.S. assets being nationalized
- Cuban exiles trained by CIA
- Fails because U.S. intelligence believed the Cuban people would rise up and overthrow Castro’s government

38. Cuban Missile Crisis, Oct. 14 – 28, 1962
U.S. Jupiter ballistic missiles in Italy & Turkey
- From the Soviet perspective, this is a defensive action …
- Closest the U.S. and the Soviet Union come to an active war …
- Cuban Revolution resulted in …
Agreement: Official – 1 - Soviet Union dismantles bombs, 2 - U.S. agrees to not invade Cuba; Unofficial –
- U.S. removes bombs from Italy & Turkey six months later

39. Consequences of Cuban Missile Crisis (Oct., 1962)
(1) Moscow-Washington Hotline, the “red phone” – direct communication
(2) LTBT / PTBT – An agreement to ban all nuclear tests above ground and to slow the nuclear arms race
(3) Khrushchev removal – Oct., 1964, Premier Krushchev is replaced by the Soviet

40. November 22, 1963
JFK was in Dallas trying to get support for next year’s election.
Warren Commission findings …

41. Warren Court 1953 - 1969 Brown v. Board of Education (1954)
Segregation illegal in schools, as the “separate but equal” principle is unconstitutional.
Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)
Established “right to an attorney,” as the suspect has a right to a court-appointed attorney if suspect is unable to afford one
Reynolds v. Sims (1964)
“One man, one vote principle,” requiring that state legislative districts be approximately equal in population

42. Warren Court 1953 - 1969 Miranda v. Arizona (1966)
Requires the police to inform suspects of their rights during the arrest process
Legal Principles (addressed
by the Warren Court)
[1] Due Process of Law
[2] Racial equality
[3] Equal representation
[4] Freedom of Speech
& Religion
Engel v. Vitale (1962) and Abington School District v. Schempp
(1963) banned state-mandated prayer and Bible reading in
public schools