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Mass training of trainers General Physics 2

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1 Mass training of trainers General Physics 2
May 23-25, 2017 Magnetic Field, Magnetic Force, Magnetic flux, Motion of Moving Charge, DC-Motor Prof. MARLON FLORES SACEDON Physics Instructor Visayas State University Baybay City, Leyte

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3 magnetism Magnetism is a class of physical phenomena that are mediated by magnetic fields. Electric currents and the magnetic moments of elementary particles give rise to a magnetic field, which acts on other currents and magnetic moments. Magnetic phenomena were first observed at least 2500 years ago in fragments of magnetized iron ore found near the ancient city of Magnesia (now Manisa, in western Turkey). These fragments were what are now called permanent magnets;

4 magnetism

5 magnetism Magnetic field about a conductor

6 Magnetic forces on Moving Charges
Electric interaction can be represented in two steps: A distribution of electric charge creates an electric field 𝐸 in the surrounding space. The electric field exerts a force 𝐹 =π‘ž 𝐸 on any other charge π‘ž that is present in the field. Magnetic interaction can be describe in similar way: A moving charge or a current creates a magnetic field in the surrounding space. The magnetic field exerts a force 𝐹 on any other moving charge or current that is present in the field. 𝐡 + 𝑣

7 Magnetic forces on Moving Charges
Electric interaction can be represented in two steps: A distribution of electric charge creates an electric field 𝐸 in the surrounding space. The electric field exerts a force 𝐹 =π‘ž 𝐸 on any other charge π‘ž that is present in the field. Magnetic interaction can be describe in similar way: A moving charge or a current creates a magnetic field in the surrounding space. The magnetic field exerts a force 𝐹 on any other moving charge or current that is present in the field. 𝐹=π‘žπ‘£π΅π‘ π‘–π‘›βˆ… + 𝑣 𝐹 =0 Where: 𝐹 = magnitude of magnetic force/Lorentz force (N) π‘ž = particle’s charge (C) 𝐡 = magnitude of magnetic field (T) 𝑣 = speed of charge (m/s) βˆ… = angle from 𝑣 to 𝐡 𝐡 𝐡 + 𝐹 𝑣 βˆ… Note: Unit of 𝐡 Tesla = 𝑇 = N/A.m If βˆ…= 90 π‘œ 𝐹=π‘žπ‘£π΅

8 MagnetIc Field Lines

9 MagnetIc Field Lines

10 MagnetIc Flux Magnetic flux is a scalar quantity. If 𝐡 is uniform over a plane surface with total area A, then 𝐡 βŠ₯ and πœ™ are the same at all points on the surface,

11 Motion of moving particle in a magnetic field
β€œMotion of a charged particle under the action of a magnetic field alone is always motion with constant speed.” Where: 𝐹 is magnetic force [N] 𝑣 is velocity of charge particle [m/s] π‘š is mass of charge particle [kg] 𝐹 is magnetic field πœ” is angular frequency [rad/s]] 𝑓 is frequency [Hz]

12 Motion of moving particle in a magnetic field

13 Velocity Selector

14 Velocity Selector Thomson’s e/m Experiment

15 Magnetic force on a Current-Carrying Conductor
What makes an electric motor work? Within the motor are conductors that carry currents (that is, whose charges are in motion), as well as magnets that exert forces on the moving charges. Hence there is a magnetic force on each current-carrying conductor, and these forces make the motor turn. 𝐹=π‘žπ‘£π΅ Where: 𝐹 = Lorent force (N) 𝐼 = Current (A) 𝑙 = Length of conductor (m) 𝐡 = Magnetic field (T) 𝐹=𝐼𝑙𝐡 If βˆ…= 90 π‘œ

16 Magnetic force on a Current-Carrying Conductor

17 Magnetic force on a Current-Carrying Conductor

18 force and torqUe on a cUrrent loop
β€œThe net force on a current loop in a uniform magnetic field is zero. However, the net torque is not in general equal to zero.”

19 force and torqUe on a cUrrent loop
β€œThe net force on a current loop in a uniform magnetic field is zero. However, the net torque is not in general equal to zero.” 𝑩 𝑩 𝑰 𝑭 βŠ™ 𝑭 ⨂ FRONT VIEW 𝑭 90 𝑂 βˆ’βˆ… 𝑰 π‘π‘ π‘–π‘›βˆ… 2 𝑏 βˆ… 𝑭 β€² βˆ’ 𝑭 π‘Ž SIDE VIEW 𝐹 𝑛𝑒𝑑 = sum of all forces on the four sides of the loop 𝐹 𝑛𝑒𝑑 = 𝐹 + βˆ’ 𝐹 + 𝐹 β€² +(βˆ’ 𝐹 β€² ) =0 𝐹 =πΌπ‘Žπ΅π‘ π‘–π‘›( 90 π‘œ βˆ’βˆ…) 𝐹 β€²=𝐼𝑏𝐡𝑠𝑖𝑛 90 π‘œ

20 force and torqUe on a cUrrent loop
β€œThe net force on a current loop in a uniform magnetic field is zero. However, the net torque is not in general equal to zero.” 𝑩 𝑩 𝑰 𝑭 βŠ™ 𝑭 ⨂ FRONT VIEW 𝝁 𝑭 =πΌπ‘Žπ΅ 90 𝑂 βˆ’βˆ… 𝑰 βˆ… π‘π‘ π‘–π‘›βˆ… 2 𝑏 βˆ… 𝝉 𝝁 ⨂ 𝑭 β€² βˆ’ 𝑭 π‘Ž SIDE VIEW Torque ( 𝜏 ) is force time lever arm 𝜏 = 𝐹 π‘π‘ π‘–π‘›βˆ… 2 +(βˆ’ 𝐹 ) βˆ’ π‘π‘ π‘–π‘›βˆ… 2 Potential energy (π‘ˆ) of magnetic dipole 𝜏 =πΌπ΄π΅π‘ π‘–π‘›βˆ… Note: Magnetic dipole moment ( πœ‡ ) is current times area of loop π‘ˆ=βˆ’ πœ‡ β‹… 𝐡 𝜏 = 𝐹 π‘π‘ π‘–π‘›βˆ… 𝜏 =(πΌπ‘Žπ΅)(π‘π‘ π‘–π‘›βˆ…) 𝜏=πœ‡π΅π‘ π‘–π‘›βˆ… 𝜏 =πΌπ‘Žπ‘π΅π‘ π‘–π‘›βˆ… 𝜏 = πœ‡ Γ— 𝐡

21 force and torqUe on a cUrrent loop
β€œThe net force on a current loop in a uniform magnetic field is zero. However, the net torque is not in general equal to zero.” 𝑩 𝑩 𝑰 𝑭 βŠ™ 𝑭 ⨂ FRONT VIEW 𝑭 𝑰 𝑏 βˆ’ 𝑭 𝑭 𝝁 ⨂ βˆ’ 𝑭 π‘Ž SIDE VIEW Torque ( 𝜏 ) is force time lever arm 𝜏 = 𝐹 π‘π‘ π‘–π‘›βˆ… 2 +(βˆ’ 𝐹 ) βˆ’ π‘π‘ π‘–π‘›βˆ… 2 Potential energy (π‘ˆ) of magnetic dipole 𝜏 =πΌπ΄π΅π‘ π‘–π‘›βˆ… Note: Magnetic dipole moment ( πœ‡ ) is current times area of loop π‘ˆ=βˆ’ πœ‡ β‹… 𝐡 𝜏 = 𝐹 π‘π‘ π‘–π‘›βˆ… 𝜏 =(πΌπ‘Žπ΅)(π‘π‘ π‘–π‘›βˆ…) 𝜏 =πœ‡π΅π‘ π‘–π‘›βˆ… 𝜏 =πΌπ‘Žπ‘π΅π‘ π‘–π‘›βˆ… 𝜏 = πœ‡ Γ— 𝐡

22 force and torqUe on a cUrrent loop
β€œThe net force on a current loop in a uniform magnetic field is zero. However, the net torque is not in general equal to zero.” 𝑩 𝑩 𝑰 𝑭 βŠ™ 𝑭 ⨂ FRONT VIEW 𝝁 𝑭 𝑰 𝑏 𝝁 ⨂ βˆ’ 𝑭 π‘Ž SIDE VIEW Torque ( 𝜏 ) is force time lever arm 𝜏 = 𝐹 π‘π‘ π‘–π‘›βˆ… 2 +(βˆ’ 𝐹 ) βˆ’ π‘π‘ π‘–π‘›βˆ… 2 Potential energy (π‘ˆ) of magnetic dipole 𝜏 =πΌπ΄π΅π‘ π‘–π‘›βˆ… Note: Magnetic dipole moment ( πœ‡ ) is current times area of loop π‘ˆ=βˆ’ πœ‡ β‹… 𝐡 𝜏 = 𝐹 π‘π‘ π‘–π‘›βˆ… 𝜏 =(πΌπ‘Žπ΅)(π‘π‘ π‘–π‘›βˆ…) 𝜏 =πœ‡π΅π‘ π‘–π‘›βˆ… 𝜏 =πΌπ‘Žπ‘π΅π‘ π‘–π‘›βˆ… 𝜏 = πœ‡ Γ— 𝐡

23 force and torqUe on a cUrrent loop
β€œThe net force on a current loop in a uniform magnetic field is zero. However, the net torque is not in general equal to zero.” 𝑩 𝑩 𝑰 𝑭 βŠ™ 𝑭 ⨂ FRONT VIEW 𝑭 𝑰 𝑏 𝝁 βˆ… 𝝁 ⨂ π‘Ž βˆ’ 𝑭 SIDE VIEW Torque ( 𝜏 ) is force time lever arm 𝜏 = 𝐹 π‘π‘ π‘–π‘›βˆ… 2 +(βˆ’ 𝐹 ) βˆ’ π‘π‘ π‘–π‘›βˆ… 2 Potential energy (π‘ˆ) of magnetic dipole 𝜏 =πΌπ΄π΅π‘ π‘–π‘›βˆ… Note: Magnetic dipole moment ( πœ‡ ) is current times area of loop π‘ˆ=βˆ’ πœ‡ β‹… 𝐡 𝜏 = 𝐹 π‘π‘ π‘–π‘›βˆ… 𝜏 =(πΌπ‘Žπ΅)(π‘π‘ π‘–π‘›βˆ…) 𝜏 =πœ‡π΅π‘ π‘–π‘›βˆ… 𝜏 =πΌπ‘Žπ‘π΅π‘ π‘–π‘›βˆ… 𝜏 = πœ‡ Γ— 𝐡

24 force and torqUe on a cUrrent loop
β€œThe net force on a current loop in a uniform magnetic field is zero. However, the net torque is not in general equal to zero.” 𝑩 𝑩 𝑰 𝑭 βŠ™ 𝑭 ⨂ FRONT VIEW 𝑭 𝑰 𝑏 βˆ’ 𝑭 𝑭 𝝁 ⨂ π‘Ž βˆ’ 𝑭 SIDE VIEW Torque ( 𝜏 ) is force time lever arm 𝜏 = 𝐹 π‘π‘ π‘–π‘›βˆ… 2 +(βˆ’ 𝐹 ) βˆ’ π‘π‘ π‘–π‘›βˆ… 2 Potential energy (π‘ˆ) of magnetic dipole 𝜏 =πΌπ΄π΅π‘ π‘–π‘›βˆ… Note: Magnetic dipole moment ( πœ‡ ) is current times area of loop π‘ˆ=βˆ’ πœ‡ β‹… 𝐡 𝜏 = 𝐹 π‘π‘ π‘–π‘›βˆ… 𝜏 =(πΌπ‘Žπ΅)(π‘π‘ π‘–π‘›βˆ…) 𝜏 =πœ‡π΅π‘ π‘–π‘›βˆ… 𝜏 =πΌπ‘Žπ‘π΅π‘ π‘–π‘›βˆ… 𝜏 = πœ‡ Γ— 𝐡

25 force and torqUe on a cUrrent loop
β€œThe net force on a current loop in a uniform magnetic field is zero. However, the net torque is not in general equal to zero.” 𝑩 𝑩 𝑰 𝑭 βŠ™ 𝑭 ⨂ FRONT VIEW 𝑭 𝑰 𝝁 𝑏 βˆ’βˆ… 𝝁 ⨂ βˆ’ 𝑭 π‘Ž SIDE VIEW Torque ( 𝜏 ) is force time lever arm 𝜏 = 𝐹 π‘π‘ π‘–π‘›βˆ… 2 +(βˆ’ 𝐹 ) βˆ’ π‘π‘ π‘–π‘›βˆ… 2 Potential energy (π‘ˆ) of magnetic dipole 𝜏 =πΌπ΄π΅π‘ π‘–π‘›βˆ… Note: Magnetic dipole moment ( πœ‡ ) is current times area of loop π‘ˆ=βˆ’ πœ‡ β‹… 𝐡 𝜏 = 𝐹 π‘π‘ π‘–π‘›βˆ… 𝜏 =(πΌπ‘Žπ΅)(π‘π‘ π‘–π‘›βˆ…) 𝜏 =πœ‡π΅π‘ π‘–π‘›βˆ… 𝜏 =πΌπ‘Žπ‘π΅π‘ π‘–π‘›βˆ… 𝜏 = πœ‡ Γ— 𝐡

26 force and torqUe on a cUrrent loop
β€œThe net force on a current loop in a uniform magnetic field is zero. However, the net torque is not in general equal to zero.” 𝑩 𝑩 𝑰 𝑭 βŠ™ 𝑭 ⨂ FRONT VIEW 𝝁 𝑰 𝑏 βˆ’ 𝑭 𝑭 𝝁 ⨂ π‘Ž SIDE VIEW Torque ( 𝜏 ) is force time lever arm 𝜏 = 𝐹 π‘π‘ π‘–π‘›βˆ… 2 +(βˆ’ 𝐹 ) βˆ’ π‘π‘ π‘–π‘›βˆ… 2 Potential energy (π‘ˆ) of magnetic dipole 𝜏 =πΌπ΄π΅π‘ π‘–π‘›βˆ… Note: Magnetic dipole moment ( πœ‡ ) is current times area of loop π‘ˆ=βˆ’ πœ‡ β‹… 𝐡 𝜏 = 𝐹 π‘π‘ π‘–π‘›βˆ… 𝜏 =(πΌπ‘Žπ΅)(π‘π‘ π‘–π‘›βˆ…) 𝜏 =πœ‡π΅π‘ π‘–π‘›βˆ… 𝜏 =πΌπ‘Žπ‘π΅π‘ π‘–π‘›βˆ… 𝜏 = πœ‡ Γ— 𝐡

27 force and torqUe on a cUrrent loop
β€œThe net force on a current loop in a uniform magnetic field is zero. However, the net torque is not in general equal to zero.” 𝑩 𝑩 𝑰 𝑭 βŠ™ 𝑭 ⨂ FRONT VIEW 𝑭 𝑰 𝝁 𝑏 βˆ’βˆ… 𝝁 ⨂ βˆ’ 𝑭 π‘Ž SIDE VIEW Torque ( 𝜏 ) is force time lever arm 𝜏 = 𝐹 π‘π‘ π‘–π‘›βˆ… 2 +(βˆ’ 𝐹 ) βˆ’ π‘π‘ π‘–π‘›βˆ… 2 Potential energy (π‘ˆ) of magnetic dipole 𝜏 =πΌπ΄π΅π‘ π‘–π‘›βˆ… Note: Magnetic dipole moment ( πœ‡ ) is current times area of loop π‘ˆ=βˆ’ πœ‡ β‹… 𝐡 𝜏 = 𝐹 π‘π‘ π‘–π‘›βˆ… 𝜏 =(πΌπ‘Žπ΅)(π‘π‘ π‘–π‘›βˆ…) 𝜏 =πœ‡π΅π‘ π‘–π‘›βˆ… 𝜏 =πΌπ‘Žπ‘π΅π‘ π‘–π‘›βˆ… 𝜏 = πœ‡ Γ— 𝐡

28 force and torqUe on a cUrrent loop
β€œThe net force on a current loop in a uniform magnetic field is zero. However, the net torque is not in general equal to zero.” 𝑩 𝑩 𝑰 𝑭 βŠ™ 𝑭 ⨂ FRONT VIEW 𝑭 𝑰 𝑏 𝝁 βˆ… 𝝁 ⨂ π‘Ž βˆ’ 𝑭 𝜏 =π‘πΌπ΄π΅π‘ π‘–π‘›βˆ… SIDE VIEW Where: N is the numbers turns Torque ( 𝜏 ) is force time lever arm 𝜏 = 𝐹 π‘π‘ π‘–π‘›βˆ… 2 +(βˆ’ 𝐹 ) βˆ’ π‘π‘ π‘–π‘›βˆ… 2 Potential energy (π‘ˆ) of magnetic dipole 𝜏 =πΌπ΄π΅π‘ π‘–π‘›βˆ… Note: Magnetic dipole moment ( πœ‡ ) is current times area of loop π‘ˆ=βˆ’ πœ‡ β‹… 𝐡 𝜏 = 𝐹 π‘π‘ π‘–π‘›βˆ… 𝜏 =(πΌπ‘Žπ΅)(π‘π‘ π‘–π‘›βˆ…) 𝜏 =πœ‡π΅π‘ π‘–π‘›βˆ… 𝜏 =πΌπ‘Žπ‘π΅π‘ π‘–π‘›βˆ… 𝜏 = πœ‡ Γ— 𝐡

29 force and torqUe on a cUrrent loop
β€œThe net force on a current loop in a uniform magnetic field is zero. However, the net torque is not in general equal to zero.” 𝑩 𝑩 𝑰 𝑭 βŠ™ 𝑭 ⨂ FRONT VIEW 𝑭 𝑰 𝑏 𝝁 𝝉 βˆ… 𝝁 ⨂ π‘Ž βˆ’ 𝑭 SIDE VIEW πœ‡ =𝑁𝐼𝐴 SUMMARY 𝜏 = πœ‡ Γ— 𝐡 π‘ˆ=βˆ’ πœ‡ β‹… 𝐡

30 The Direct-Current Motor

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32

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35

36 10 Minutes DC Motor 1 meter Magnetic wire gauge 21 9 volts battery
9v battery wire connector Permanent magnet Cutter Styrofoam AA battery (used)

37 10 Minutes DC Motor 1 2 3 4 5 6

38 eNd

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