1. Korean War Notes

2. 1951Truman relieves MacArthur of duties in Korea
In perhaps the most famous civilian-military confrontation in the history of the United States, President Harry S. Truman relieves General Douglas MacArthur of command of the U.S. forces in Korea. The firing of MacArthur set off a brief uproar among the American public, but Truman remained committed to keeping the conflict in Korea a “limited war.”
Problems with the flamboyant and egotistical General MacArthur had been brewing for months. In the early days of the war in Korea (which began in June 1950), the general had devised some brilliant strategies and military maneuvers that helped save South Korea from falling to the invading forces of communist North Korea. As U.S. and United Nations forces turned the tide of battle in Korea, MacArthur argued for a policy of pushing into North Korea to completely defeat the communist forces. Truman went along with this plan, but worried that the communist government of the People’s Republic of China might take the invasion as a hostile act and intervene in the conflict. In October 1950, MacArthur met with Truman and assured him that the chances of a Chinese intervention were slim. Then, in November and December 1950, hundreds of thousands of Chinese troops crossed into North Korea and flung themselves against the American lines, driving the U.S. troops back into South Korea. MacArthur then asked for permission to bomb communist China and use Nationalist Chinese forces from Taiwan against the People’s Republic of China. Truman flatly refused these requests and a very public argument began to develop between the two men.
In April 1951, President Truman fired MacArthur and replaced him with Gen. Matthew Ridgeway. On April 11, Truman addressed the nation and explained his actions. He began by defending his overall policy in Korea, declaring, “It is right for us to be in Korea.” Nevertheless, he explained, it “would be wrong—tragically wrong—for us to take the initiative in extending the war… Our aim is to avoid the spread of the conflict.” The president continued, “I believe that we must try to limit the war to Korea for these vital reasons: To make sure that the precious lives of our fighting men are not wasted; to see that the security of our country and the free world is not needlessly jeopardized; and to prevent a third world war.”
MacArthur returned to the United States to a hero’s welcome. Parades were held in his honor, and he was asked to speak before Congress. In the speech, he famously said “Old soldiers never die, they just fade away.” Public opinion was strongly against Truman’s actions, but the president stuck to his decision without regret or apology. Eventually, MacArthur did “just fade away,” and the American people began to understand that his policies and recommendations might have led to a massively expanded war in Asia. Though the concept of a “limited war,” as opposed to the traditional American policy of unconditional victory, was new and initially unsettling to many Americans, the idea came to define the U.S. Cold War military strategy.
*from History.com

3. Powers of the President: Did Truman have the Constitutional Right to a) Fire MacArthur and B) Commit troops to Korea?
In The Federalist Papers, Alexander Hamilton argued that:
“The President is to be commander-in-chief of the army and navy of the United States. It would amount to nothing more than the supreme command and direction of the military and naval forces, as first General and admiral of the Confederacy”

4. On June 26th, 1950 President Truman sent the army into Korea- something that Congress usually needed to approve and establish. Around the same time, the UN Security Council authorized military assistance to South Korea. Because of the firing of MacArthur and the unauthorized troop commitment, Congress launched an inquiry into Truman’s action The Inquiry ruled that Truman's actions violated both constitutional and statutory requirements. While presidents in the past used the military in a similar way, it was in fights against pirates, against small naval groups along coasts or to chase bandits near America. Regarding the UN’s resolution, a congressmen stated “We never agreed to supplant our Constitution with the United Nations Charter. The power to declare and make war is vested in the representatives of the people, in the Congress of the United States.” All things considered (The president’s role, Macarthur’s actions, the war in Korea, the UN authorization, and previous president’s actions), did Truman break any rules?

5. The Korean War Quick Notes
Korea divided on 38th parallel
North- Communist
South- Anticommunist
Both wanted more land
North captures Seoul
US surprised, enters to stop spread of Communism
Truman fires MacArthur
Truman: does not want war/escalation
MacArthur: Goes behind Truman’s back
Treaty talks ongoing, debate over P.O.W.
July armistice signed
P.O.W. choose where to stay
New boundary near 38th parallel
DMZ established
5 million lives lost (half are Korean civilians, 40,000 Americans)