1. Lesson 23 – adverbs
An adverb is a word which modifies a verb, adjective or another adverb
Very (modifying adjective devious) devious Brutus stabbed Julius really (modifying adverb violently) violently (modifying verb stabbed).
In Latin regular adverbs are formed from 1st/2nd declension adjectives by adding the letter –e to the base
dure harshly
clare famously
pulchre beautifully

2. Lesson 23 – ablative types
Means/Instrument
Identifies with what something is done e.g. I eat with a fork.
This construction never uses a preposition e.g. disco studiis, not disco cum studiis (I learn by studies)
Hint: it’s an ablative of means if you can translate as “by means of” e.g. I learn by means of studies
Manner
Describes how something is done e.g. I eat with hunger
This construction may or may not use “cum” e.g. dico cum curā or dico curā (I speak with care)
Hint: it’s an ablative of manner if you can translate as “in a x way” e.g. I speak in a careful way
Accompaniment
Identifies who (or sometimes what) you did something with e.g. I eat with Sally
This construction must use the preposition “cum” e.g. habito cum amico not habito amico (I live with a friend)
Hint: it’s an ablative of accompaniment if you can translate as “accompanied by…” e.g. I live accompanied by a friend
Place Where – in (in/on) mandatory preposition
Place from Which – ex (out from), de (down from), ab (away from) mandatory preposition