1. The Civil War

2. First Shots at Fort Sumter
Southern states take over most federal forts in south
Lincoln decides to send supply ships to Fort Sumter
Confederates attack fort before supplies arrive
U.S. troops defend fort for 34 hours then surrender

3. Lincoln calls out the Militia
Lincoln asks states for militiamen to put down uprising
Leaders in the upper south refuse request
Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, Arkansas join Confederacy
Confederate Capital moved to Richmond Virginia
Robert E Lee becomes commanding general of Northern Virginia

4. Choosing Sides
Border states – slave state that border states in which slavery illegal
Border states include Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky, Missouri
Western counties of Virginia break away form, Union state West Virginia
24 Union states – 11 Confederate states

5. Strengths and Weaknesses
North has 22 million people – South has 9 million people
85% of nation’s factories located in the North
North has more railroad mileage, all naval power, and shipyards
Union has great leader Abraham Lincoln
Confederacy has able generals
Union supply lines will have to stretch far to invade the South
Confederates defending home, have more will to fight

6. Confederate Strategy
Defensive position – does not want to conquer the North
Withholds cotton (King Cotton) exports to win foreign support
Europe has cotton surplus don’t want to get involved
South becomes offensive tries for big victories

7. Union Strategy North develops offensive strategy
Anaconda Plan – smother the South’s economy, use naval blockade of South’s coastline
Blockade – armed forces stop goods, people into or out of an area.
Gain control of the Mississippi River, split Confederacy in two

8. Those Who Fought Most soldiers are between 18 and 30
Most are farmers, majority born in the U.S.
African Americans want to fight, not accepted in Northern or Southern armies.
Later, North accepts African American in the army.
Most civil war soldiers are volunteers: volunteer to:
Escape boredom
Join friends and family
Seek adventure, glory
Get recruitment money
Show loyalty to country or state

9. Hardships of Army Life
Civil War soldiers in field, often wet, cold, live in crude shelters
Camps are unsanitary, soldiers go weeks without bathing
Poor hygiene
Causes widespread sickness

10. Changes in Military Technology
Weapons improve: rifles, minie’ ball, ironclads
Result in higher casualty rate
Battle tactics change
Minie’ ball – bullet with hollow base
Ironclads- warships covered with iron, better than wooden warships

11. Union Victories / Southern Victories
Union armies win victories in the West – capture two Confederate river forts in Tennessee
Union army wins Battle of Shiloh
Union army captures New Orleans
Confederates defeat Union army at Seven Day’s Battles – ending Union threat in Virginia

12. Bloody Antietam Bloodiest battle in Civil War
After 1 day of fighting –neither side gains ground - 25,000 men are killed, wounded

13. Calls for Emancipation
Abolitionist, Frederick Douglas urges Lincoln to emancipate slaves
Lincoln does not feel he has the power to abolish slavery
Doesn’t want to further divide the nation – if freeing the slaves will weaken the South then he would do it

14. The Emancipation Proclamation
Lincoln issues the Emancipation Proclamation January 1, 1863
Frees all slaves in Confederate territory
Abolitionist are happy – Southerners outraged

15. African American Soldiers
Emancipation Proclamation lets African Americans men join Union army
African Americans rush to join army
African Americans given worse jobs, less pay
African American prisoners often shot or returned to slavery by South
54 Massachusetts Regiment 1st organized all African American regiment in North.
Leads heroic attack on Fort Wagner
Heroics of 54th lead to increase African American enlistment

16. Draft Laws
North, South pass laws of conscription, also known as the draft: require men to serve in military
In South, North men can hire substitutes to serve in their place
North offers bounties, cash payments, to men who volunteer to serve

17. Economic Effects of War
Inflation – an increase in price and decrease in the value of money
In south food shortages are common
In North, inflation is less, war boosts industry

18. Resistance by Slaves Slaves slow their work pace or stop altogether
Sabotage crop and farm equipment
Refuse to join fleeing planters
Run away from plantations, join Union army

19. Women Aid the War Efforts
Women take over “mens” work
Dorothea Dix leads 3,000 nurses
Women serve as spies: Harriet Tubman for North, Belle Boyd for South

20. Civil War Prison Camps
In North, South prisoners of war face terrible conditions
Prison camp in Elmira, New York is one of the worst in North
Camp Andersonville, Georgia is the worse in South
Thousands of prisoners die of sickness, exposure

21. Battle of Gettysburg Fight lasts 3 days
Confederates retreat, Union army fails to pursue
23,000 Union soldiers died
1/3 of Confederate army dead or wounded (28,000)

22. Surrender at Appomattox
Lee surrenders at Appomattox Court House April 9, 1865
Grants offers generous terms –Confederate can return home in peace
After 4 years the Civil War ends

23. The Thirteenth Amendment
13th Amendment bans slavery in the entire U.S.

24. Lincoln’s Assassination
John Wilkes Booth shoots President Lincoln
1st U.S. president to be assassinated
Booth’s accomplice stabs Secretary of State William Seward
U.S. troops kill Booth, capture his accomplices

25. Consequences of the War
U.S. viewed as single country not collection of states
The Civil War also causes:
National government to expand
National government to grow more powerful
New industries to grow rapidly
Economic disaster in the South