1. Civil war notes

2. Civil war foldable directions
Step 3
Write at the top of each column the following:
Economic
Political
Social

3. Economic differences South:
Agricultural economy based on cash crops, especially cotton
North:
More advanced commercially and was expanding industrially (factories and warehouses)
Tariffs were placed on imports and favored the North because they benefitted Northern industries

4. Political differences
South
Believed state laws carried more weight than federal law
North
Favored a stronger central government

5. Political differences
Since the time of the American Revolution, two camps emerged: those arguing for greater states rights and those arguing that the federal government needed to have more control.
Many Southerners believed that state laws carried more weight than federal laws, and they should abide by the state regulations first. (states’ rights)
Popular sovereignty – people living in the territories could decide for themselves if they would join the U.S. as a free or slave state
Compromise of 1850 – Established popular sovereignty to New Mexico and Utah
Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)
Provided for the territorial organization of Kansas and Nebraska under the principle of popular sovereignty,
States were given the opportunity to decide whether to admit slavery in their state or not.

6. Ideas for showing Political differences
Draw a picture showing the differences between the North and the South: States’ Rights and Federal Government to have more control
Draw a picture to represent Popular Sovereignty
Draw a picture that represents the Compromise of 1850 and Kansas-Nebraska Act (slavery by popular sovereignty)

7. Social Differences South Plantation system and favored slavery North
Factories, cheap workforce (immigrants and children), opposed slavery

8. Social Differences
1860 – Election of Abraham Lincoln as President of the U.S. – fear that Republican control of the executive branch would threaten slavery
1860- Texas divided between a region dependent on slavery and a largely slave-free region.
The Plantation System was based on one cash crop, cotton. Slaves were the source of labor on a plantation. The social structure of the South was based on the number of slaves a planter owned. The largest plantation owners and slaveholders had the highest social status. Poor white non-slaveholders were one notch above the lowest social class—the slave.
Invention of the Cotton Gin
Demand for Cotton & Spread of Plantations: European and Northern textile mills demanded more and more cotton during the early and middle 19th Century. New plantations increased the demand for slaves in the Lower South and west of the Mississippi River. By 1850, the South produced about 7/8 of the world’s cotton – the U.S. and Texas’ largest export.

9. Ideas for showing social differences
Draw a picture to represent Lincoln’s election.
Draw a picture for cash crops.
Draw a picture for the cotton gin.

10. Texas Secession 1861 – Texas joined the Confederacy
Despite Governor Sam Houston’s opposition, the Secession Convention met in Austin
Texas seceded from the Union and joined the Confederacy
Gov. Sam Houston refused to declare loyalty to the Confederacy and was removed from office by the Texas Secession Convention

11. Leaders During Civil War
Abraham Lincoln
elected President in 1860; viewed by South as a MAJOR threat to slavery; prompted South Carolina, Texas, and other states to seceded from the Union
Jefferson Davis
served as President of the Confederate States of America during Civil War
Ulysses S. Grant
General for the Union Army
Robert E. Lee-
General of the Confederate States of America Army

12. Leaders During Civil War
John Reagan
Resigned from Texas U.S. House of Representatives when Texas seceded from the Union to join CSA
Served in the cabinet of Jefferson Davis as Postmaster General
Francis Lubbock
Governor during Civil War ( )
Worked closely with Confederacy to meet manpower needs of war
Joined Confederate Army in 1863
Captured with Jefferson Davis and John Reagan at end of war

13. Texas’ Role in civil war
Supplied soldiers to both sides
Confederacy – Approximately 90,000 (mostly cavalry due to experience with horses)
John Bell Hood – Commander of Hoods Texas Brigade (finest in General Lee’s army). He defended Richmond (capital of CSA) and fought Indians in frontier
Thomas Green – Commander of Texas Confederate forces; served in Battle of Galveston; killed during war
Union – approximately 2,000

14. Texas’ Role in civil war
Protected the frontier
After removal of U.S., troops from Texas, the state and Confederacy assumed responsibility of protection from Indian threat
Chased renegades and outlaws
Controlled Union activity in frontier
Defended the coastline
To prevent Union blockade of supplies and trade
Battle of Galveston
Battle of Sabine Pass (1863) Confederate forces repel invasion of U.S. forces at mouth of Sabine River

15. Texas’ Role in civil war
Economic Contributions
Traded cotton for weapons, uniforms and medicine
Planted more corn at the government’s request
Developed manufacturing plants and weapons factories
Increase in slave population as Southern states sent slaves west to avoid Union army

16. Texas’ Role in civil war
Life of ordinary Texans affected by war
Absence of men created more responsibility for women and children
Farmers planted more corn, less cotton at government request for military food
Increase in slaves – sent from other Southern states to avoid Union armies
Transportation – materials diverted to military
Halt of building railroads
Roads and railroad tracks destroyed
Bridges and roads suffered from lack of repair
Battle of Palmito Ranch (May, 1865)
Last land engagement of the Civil War fought in far south Texas
More than a month after Gen. Lee’s surrender at Appomattox, VA.

17. Emancipation Proclamation
Executive order written by Lincoln to free all slaves (in rebelling states) on Jan. 1, 1863
Not enforced in the South during the Civil War
June 19, 1865 – proclamation finally read in Texas, belatedly freeing 250,000 slaves
Juneteenth – cultural celebration today celebrating the freeing of slaves in Texas

18. Economic, Political, or social??
Why do you think that? What does each picture represent?

19. Economic, Political, or social??
Election of - Why do you think that? What does each picture represent?

20. Economic, Political, or social??
Why do you think that? What does each picture represent?