1. The Eye as a Camera Michael A. Sandberg, Ph.D.
Associate Professor of Ophthalmology
Berman-Gund Laboratory for the Study of Retinal Degenerations
Harvard Medical School
Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary

2. Principal parts of the camera
The lens and filters
Cornea
Lens
Macular pigment
The aperture
Pupil
The shutter
Retina
The film

3. Schematic eye

4. Optical power of the human eye
Cornea: 43 diopters
Lens (eye focused at infinity): 20 diopters
Lens (eye focused at near): 28 diopters

5. Monocular visual field

6. Visual angle of common objects
Sun or moon: 0.5˚
Thumbnail (at arm’s length): 1.5˚
Fist (at arm’s length): 8˚ - 10˚

7. Optical aberrations Spherical aberration: < 0.5 diopter
Chromatic aberration: 2 diopters

8. Distribution of macular pigment

9. Range of Vision

10. Critical duration

11. Critical flicker frequency

12. Visual acuity versus pupil size

13. Normal Fundus

14. The Human Retina

15. Schematic retina

16. Foveal architecture

17. In vivo microscopy

18. Photoreceptor structure

19. Photoreceptor architecture

20. Directional sensitivity

21. Photoreceptor architecture

22. Rhodopsin localization

23. Rhodopsin regeneration

24. Cone pigment regeneration

25. Dark adaptation

26. Effect of bleaching on threshold

27. Rod and cone spectra

28. Luminous efficiency curves

29. Spectral sensitivity curves

30. Number of photoreceptors in the human retina

31. Photoreceptor distribution

32. Photoreceptor mosaic

33. Foveal cone mosaic

34. Visual acuity versus eccentricity

35. Visual acuity versus luminance