1. Pharmacology
Dr. NAZA M. Ali
Lec 1

2. Pharmacology word has been derived from
two Greek words:
Pharmakon mean drug
logos mean study
Pharmacology is a science that studies the
effects of drugs within a living system.
Toxicology is the science of poisons, is the
studies of the harmful effects of a chemicals on
Living organisms.

3. There are two main branches of pharmacology: 1.Pharmacokinetics:
It is concerned with the absorption, distribution,
metabolism and excretion of drugs.
Pharmacokinetics is what the body does to the drugs.
This knowledge is essential to obtain the right
effect of the right intensity, at the right time, for the
right duration, with least risk of unpleasantness of
harm.

4. 2. Pharmacodynamics: it is concerned with the
biochemical and physiological effects of drugs and
their mode of action, it includes the dose-effect
relationship, factors modifying drug effects and
dosage, and drug toxicity.
Pharmacodynamics is what drugs do to the
Body.

5. A good knowledge of pharmacology (both pharmacokinetics & pharmacodynamics) is therefore necessary to use drugs safely and efficiently.
Pharmacy: is the science and art of preparing a drug or combination.

6. What is drugs? A drug is a chemical that interacts with a living
organism to produce a biological response.
Drugs in common include inorganic ions,
nonpeptide organic molecules, nucleic acids
lipids, carbohydrates, small peptides and proteins.

7. Sources of drugs
1.Naturally occurring compounds: these are extracted from
plants and animals.
2. Modified natural drugs: some natural drugs can be
modified in order to produce better and more efficacious
drugs.
3. Mineral sources
4. Microbial sources
5. Synthetic sources
6. Genetic engineering

8. Orphan drugs:
when a drug is not developed because the developer will
not recover the costs, then it is known as orphan drug.
These are meant for diagnosis, prevention or treatment
of rare diseases.
Prodrug (inactive):
There are some drugs which are inert until they are
chemically altered within the body.

9. Dose: it is defined as the quantity of drug which is sufficient to diagnose, prevent or treat a disease.
Dosage: it is the schedule of dose, frequency and duration of administration of drugs.
Pharmacogenetics: is concerned with variations in drug response due to genetic factors.

10. The goal of drug therapy is to prevent, cure, or control various disease states.
To achieve this goal, adequate drug doses must be delivered to the target tissues so that therapeutic yet nontoxic levels are obtained.

11. First,
The drug absorption from site of administration (Absorption) permits entry of the therapeutic agent (directly or indirectly) into plasma.
Second,
the drug may then reversibly leave the
bloodstream & distribute into the interstitial and
intracellular fluids (Distribution).
Third,
the drug may be metabolized by the liver, kidney, or other tissues (Metabolism).
Finally,
the drug and its metabolites are removed
from the body in urine, bile, feces (Elimination).

12. Pharmacokinetics

13. Routes of Drug Administration
The route of administration is determined by:
The properties of the drug ( water or lipid solubility, ionization, etc.)
The therapeutic objectives ( a rapid onset of action Or
the need for long-term administration or restriction to a local site).
There are two major routes of drug administration:
Enteral
Parenteral

14. A. Enteral : oral, sublingual
B. Pareneral: IV, IM,SC
C. Other: inhalation, intranasal, intrathecal,
epidural, topical, transdermal, rectal, vaginal

16. Enteral administration
Oral:
advantages
-oral drugs are easily self-administered
-limit the number of systemic infections that could
complicate treatment
-toxicities or overdose by oral route may be
overcome with antidotes

17. some drugs are absorbed from the stomach
Disadvantage
complicated,
the drug is exposed to harsh (GI) environments that may limit its absorption.
some drugs are absorbed from the stomach
the duodenum is a major site of entry to the systemic circulation because of its larger absorptive surface.

18. most drugs absorbed from the GI tract enter the portal circulation and encounter the liver before they are distributed into the general circulation.
these drugs undergo first-pass metabolism in the liver, they may be extensively metabolized before entering the systemic circulation.
First-pass metabolism by the intestine or liver limits the efficacy of many drugs when taken orally.

19. 2. Sublingual: placement under the tongue allows
a drug to diffuse into the capillary network and to
enter the systemic circulation directly.
advantages
-rapid absorption,
-convenience of administration,
-low incidence of infection,
-avoidance of the harsh GI environment,
-avoidance of first-pass metabolism.

20. Disadvantage
-Not suitable of large volume
-Not suitable for drug of low lipid/water
partition coefficient

22. B) Parenteral routes
The three major parenteral routes are:
1)Intravascular (intravenous or intra-arterial)
2)Intramuscular
3)Subcutaneous

23. Intravenous Injection / IV
For drugs that are not absorbed orally
The drug avoids the GI tract and first-pass metabolism by the liver
IV delivery permits a rapid effect and a maximal degree of control over the circulating levels of the drug.
Disatvantage
When are injected cannot be recalled by strategies as emesis
Contamination at the site of injection.
IV injection may also induce hemolysis or
too-rapid delivery of high concentrations of drug
to the plasma and tissues.

24. Intramuscular / IM
Drugs can be aqueous solutions or specialized depot preparations often a suspension of drug
in a nonaqueous vehicle (polyethylene glycol).
Absorption of drugs in an aqueous solution is fast, while, that from depot preparations is slow.

25. Subcutaneous SC
like that of IM injection, requires absorption and is slower than the IV route.
SC minimizes the risks associated with
intravascular injection (minute amounts of
epinephrine are combined with a drug to restrict
its area of action).
EX.
Programmable mechanical pumps that can
be implanted to deliver insulin in diabetic patients.

26. C)Other
1. Inhalation:
Inhalation provides the rapid delivery of a drug across the large surface area of the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract.
This route of administration is used for drugs that are gases ( some anesthetics) or those that can be dispersed in an aerosol.
effective and convenient for patients with respiratory complaints as asthma, because the drug is delivered directly to the site of action and systemic side effects are minimized.
EX. corticosteroids, such as fluticasone.

27. 2. Intranasal: administration of drugs directly into the nose
Agents include nasal decongestants,
The anti-inflammatory corticosteroid mometasone
Desmopressin used intranasally in the treatment of diabetes insipidus

28. 3. Intrathecal
Introduce drugs directly into the cerebrospinal fluid, so
by pass BBB and it has a rapid effect
spinal anesthesia
Amphotericin B is used in treat cryptococcal meningitis
4. Topical:
Topical application is used when a local effect of the
drug is desired.
Clotrimazole is applied as a cream directly to the skin in
the treatment of dermatophytosis,
Tropicamide drop(directly into the eye to dilate the pupil).

29. 5.Transdermal: This route of administration achieves systemic effects
by application of drugs to the skin, via a transdermal patch.
The rate of absorption can vary markedly, depending on
the physical characteristics of skin at the site of application.
This route is most often used for the sustained delivery
of drugs, such as
the antianginal drug nitroglycerin,
the antiemetic scopolamine,
the once-a-week contraceptive patch

30. 6. Rectal: 50% of the drainage of the rectal region by passes the
portal circulation, so metabolism of drugs by the liver is
minimized.
Preventing the destruction of the drug by intestinal
enzymes or by low pH in the stomach.
Is useful if the drug induces vomiting, when given orally
or if the patient is already vomiting
or if the patient is unconscious
Disadvantage
Rectal absorption is often erratic and incomplete, and
many drugs irritate the rectal mucosa.

31. Drugs may be administered locally in the vagina
7. Vaginal:
Drugs may be administered locally in the vagina
the form of pessaries.
Example: antifungal vaginal pessaries

32. Epidural route: the drug administered by small catheter
into epidural space of the spinal column, it is has a rapid
onset of action (opioids).
Intra articular: the drug directly to the synovial cavity of the
joint, reduce inflammation and maintain joint mobility.
Intra peritoneal: into the peritoneal cavity (lower half of
abdomen), rapid absorption