1. Cultural Shifts After WWI

2. Postwar Pessimism
The brutal realities of industrialized warfare brought about a shift in beliefs
Superiority of Europe
World getting better & better
Limitless improvement of humankind
Democracy as ideal government
Expressed by artists, writers, theologians

3. Scientific Revolutions
Einstein’s theory of relativity
Space
Time
“Uncertainty Principle”
Objectivity no longer a valid principle
Freud’s Psychoanalytical Principle
Unconscious mental processes & neurosis

4. Disdain for Realism in Art
Rise of avant-garde artists
Realism abandoned for an expression of feelings and emotion
Picasso
Les Demoislles d’Avignon
Munch
The Scream

5. The Roaring Twenties New developments Jazz music Telephones
Motion Pictures
Radio shows
Harlem Renaissance
Jazz music
Night clubs
Women “Flappers”
Medical advancements
Penicillin
X-rays

6. The Roaring Twenties
There were reactions against the cultural changes of the 1920’s
Prohibition, the 18th amendment
Speakeasies
Bootleggers & Mobsters
Scopes trial

7. Economics Between the Wars

8. Postwar Economics WW1 affected economies all over the world
Britain and France owed huge debts to the U.S.
Both relied on reparations from Germany to pay these loans
Paying these reparations crushed Germany’s economy
What country do you think benefitted the most after WW1?

9. Postwar Economics
The U.S. emerged from WW1 as the world’s leading economic power.
Continued to loan European countries money
Had a strong manufacturing base
Many new inventions and innovations

10. The wealth created in the 1920’s wasn’t shared evenly.
Farmers, miners and suppliers of raw materials suffered.
Technology led to overproduction.
Beginning in Oct. 1929, investor confidence in the stock market dropped, leading to a market collapse
All tried to sell at once and bottom fell out of market = panic selling
The crash had a ripple effect on the economy

11. 1920's had been a period of good economic times
Tues. Oct. 29th, NYC Stock market crashed, causing a depression that would last until 1942

12. mass consumption was already low (poor could afford to buy little)
For the poor
mass consumption was already low (poor could afford to buy little)
unemployment rose  no gov't assistance at first
since people could not buy, productivity was cut back = further unemployment
Unemployment
Purchasing Power Productivity
so w/ additional unemployment  purchasing power declined again  reduced productivity yet again
ECONOMIC CYCLE

13. The Depression Spreads
American banks stopped making loans around the world and began demanding repayment
W/O support from the U.S., Germany suffered – it couldn’t make reparation
payments to Britain and France

14. Overall U.S. production plummets
U.S. investors have little or no money to invest
Allies cannot pay debts to the U.S.
Europeans cannot afford American goods
U.S. investments in Germany decline
German war payments to Allies falls off

16. Totalitarianism Governments of Total Control

17. Loss of Faith in Democracy
As the depression wore on, many lost faith in the ability of democratic governments to solve the problems
Misery, despair and hopelessness created fertile ground for extremists who promised radical solutions.
Stalin - USSR
Mussolini - Italy
Hitler - Germany

18. Total, Centralized State Control
Totalitarianism—government that dominates every aspect of life (total control)
Totalitarian leader is often dynamic* and persuasive
* pertaining to or characterized by energy or effective action; vigorously active or forceful; energetic: the dynamic president of the firm.

19. Police Terror Government uses police to spy on and intimidate people
Normally, the police are expected to respond to criminal activity and protect the citizens. In a totalitarian state, the police serve enforce the central government’s policies.

20. Indoctrination
Government shapes people’s minds through slanted education
Control of education is absolutely essential to glorify the leader and his policies and to convince all citizens that their unconditional loyalty and support are required.

21. Propaganda and Censorship
Totalitarian states spread *propaganda.
Government controls all mass media, and **crushes opposing views.
* biased or incomplete information used to sway people
** censorship

23. Religious or Ethnic Persecution
Leaders brand religious, ethnic minorities “enemies of the state.”

24. Totalitarianism Characteristics
Dynamic Leader
Unites people
Symbolizes government
Encourages popular support by force of will
Dictatorship &
One-Party Rule
Exercises absolute authority
Dominates the government
State Control
Of Society
Business
Labor
Education
Housing
Ideology
Sets goals of the state
Glorified aims of the state
Glorified government
Methods of Enforcement
Police terror
Indoctrination
Censorship
Persecution
State Control of
Individuals
Demands loyalty
Denies basic liberties
Expects personal sacrifice for the state
Modern Technology
Mass communication to spread propaganda
Advanced military weapons

25. Different Kinds of Totalitarianism
Fascism: any centralized, authoritarian government that is not communist, whose policies glorify the state over the individual, and is destructive to basic human rights.
Communism: a classless government based on socialism principles, in which all wealth and property is owned by the community as a whole.

26. Different Kinds of Totalitarianism
Fascism
Communism
Nationalistic Goals
International Change
Society with defined classes
Classless society
Popular with business leaders & wealthy land owners
Popular with urban and agricultural workers
Total devotion to state or leader
Use of terror to guard their power
Promote extreme programs of social change
Promised a strong, stable government under an elite leader

27. Examples of Terror Tactics
Different Kinds of Totalitarianism
Country
Dictator in Power
Ideology
Examples of Terror Tactics
Italy
Benito Mussolini
1922
Fascist:
Fanatic nationalism
Black Shirts suppress dissent
Soviet Union
Joseph Stalin
1924
Communist
Gulag labor camps
Germany
Adolf Hitler
1933
Fascist Nazi: racial policies of hatred
Restrictions and terror against Jews

28. Totalitarian leaders in the 20th century
Adolf Hitler (Germany)
Benito Mussolini (Italy)
Joseph Stalin (Soviet Union)
Kim Il Sung (North Korea)
Saddam Hussein (Iraq)