1. CH. 9 EUROPE
SECTION 1: GEOGRPAHY

3. PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY Europe is a “peninsula of peninsulas.”
A peninsula is a body of land surrounded on three sides by water.
Most of Europe lies within the humid temperate climate region.
The Mediterranean climate brings mild, rainy winters and hot, dry summers and supports long growing seasons.
Iceland, Greenland, and northern Scandinavia have a polar climate and a limited growing season.

4. COASTLINE Europe has more than 24,000 miles of coastline.
The water access has benefited Europe's growth of trade and the development of industry.
The location of the continent near large bodies of water also encouraged exploration.
Over time, towns often grew up near bays, which are bodies of water surrounded on three sides by land.

5. MOUNTAINS CHAINS
Europe’s Alpine region contains several mountain chains.
The Alps stretch from Austria and Italy to Switzerland, Germany and France.
The Pyrenees are located to the west of the Alps and separate Spain Spain & France.
The Apennines run along the Italian Peninsula.
The Carpathians extend through Poland, Romania, & Ukraine.
All of these mountains chains provide natural resources for industries.

6. RIVERS
The Danube River starts in Germany and passes through ten countries before emptying into the Black Sea.
The Rhine River begins in Switzerland, runs through Germany and flows into the North Sea.
For centuries, Europeans have built canals. When linked together, canals and river form waterways, or navigable routes of travel and transport.
The small country of the Netherlands has more than 3,000 miles of rivers and canals.

7. PLAINS Many of the rivers in Europe cross the Northern European Plain.
The vast lowland region stretches across France and all the way to Russia.
The fertile soil on the plain makes it ideal from growing crops.

9. SECTION 3: EMERGING EUROPE

10. EXPLORATION & COLONIZATION
Prince Henry of Portugal founded navigation school.
Around 1415, sends navigators to Africa to establish new trade routes.
The voyages were filled with danger and lasted months.
An Englishman, Sir Francis Drake, sailed around the world in

11. THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
The Industrial Revolution was a period when industry grew rapidly, and the production of machine made goods greatly increased.
The Industrial Revolution started in Great Britain in the 1700’s.
The textile industry was the first to be transformed, manufactures began using machines.
1770, James Hargrove created the spinning jenny.
The machine was able to make cotton & wool yarn at a much faster rate.

12. THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
Around 1776, James Watt developed the steam engine, which was powered by coal.
Resulted in coal becoming a important raw material.
In the late 1700’s, the Industrial Revolution spread to the rest of Europe.
In 1825, George Stephenson built the first railroad system in England.
By 1850, thousands of miles of tracks crossed Europe.

13. IMPACT OF THE REVOLUTION
More people moved to cities to work in the factories.
Standard of living rose and so did the middle class.
However, working conditions were harsh.
16 hour work days & child labor was common.
Many workers lived in overcrowded houses and no sewer systems.
Diseases spread quickly in these cramped buildings.

14. THE FRENCH REVOLUTION
For years, France’s lower & middle class had suffered injustices.
French society was made up of Three Estates:
-First Estate was made up of clergy
Second Estate was made up of the nobility.
Third Estate included everyone else.
The Third Estate began to call for change, influenced by the Enlightenment.
On July 14, 1789, mobs attacked the Bastille, France’s ancient prison. Starting the revolution.

15. THE FRENCH REVOLUTION The Third Estate formed the National Assembly.
On August 26, 1789, they issued the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen.
This document guaranteed liberty, equality, and property to citizens.
Finally, in 1792, the Jacobins, a groups of radical, seized power and formed the National Convention, executing the King & Queen.
The leader, Maximillian Robespierre, led a Reign of Terror. Using the guillotine to cut off heads of an estimated 40,000 people.
After years of violence, Napoleon Bonaparte overthrew the government.

16. NATIONALISM & WW1
Nationalism is a strong sense of loyalty to one’s country.
Nationalism led to the unification of Italy & Germany.
Britain, France, & Russia formed the Triple Entente.
The German Empire and Austria-Hungary formed the Central Powers.
In 1914, Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary was assassinated in Serbia by a terrorist of the Black Hand.
Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia, b/c Serbia was an ally of Russia, Russia declared war on Austria-Hungary.

17. NATIONALISM & WW1 The Great War, dragged on for 4 years.
Both sides fought from trenches and used deadly technology, including machine guns, airplanes, tanks, and poison gas.
In 1917, Russia’s government was overthrown and made peace with Germany.
The same year, the U.S. joined the war on the side of the Triple Entente.
In 1918, Germany surrendered but 17 million people had died.
In 1919, Germany signed the Treaty of Versailles.

18. WW2 & THE COLD WAR
Due to the harsh demands of the Treaty of Versailles and the Great Depression damaged the German economy.
During the 1930’s, Adolf Hitler rose to power in Germany.
In 1936, Hitler made alliance with Italy & Japan forming the Axis Powers.
In 1936, Germany invaded Poland starting WW2.
Great Britain & France were Poland’s allies.
Germany quickly conquered most of Europe, including France.
In 1941, Japan attacked the U.S. at Pearl Harbor, forcing them into the war.

19. WW2 & THE COLD WAR
After 5 years of war, Germany surrendered on May 8, 1945.
Allied troops were stunned to fined the Nazi concentration camps where 6 million Jewish people had been murdered. This was called the Holocaust.
Japan continued to fight until the U.S. dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima & Nagasaki.
After the war, an imaginary boundary that separated Eastern & Western Europe was called the Iron Curtain between the U.S. & Soviet Union.
The division marked the beginning of the Cold War, a period of great tension between the two countries.