1. Social Relations

2. Prejudice
unjustifiable and usually negative attitude toward a group of people
Made up of beliefs (stereotypes), emotions, & actions (discrimination)
Modern prejudice is often both subtle & automatic/unconscious
Overt prejudice still exists (i.e. gays, immigrants, and minorities)
Social roots:

3. Prejudice Social inequalities
Allport (1954) – haves justify have-nots as deserving of their situation
In-group vs. out-group
Turner (1987) & Hogg (1996) – social identity
In-group bias – strong affection for group (often accompanied by discrimination of out-groups)

4. Prejudice Emotional roots Cognitive roots
Death, fear, anger effect prejudice attitudes
Scapegoat theory – someone to blame
Cognitive roots
Categorizing – over generalize (stereotype)
Vivid cases – over estimate number
Just-World Phenomenon – get what you deserve
Blame the victim – ex. Provocative dressers deserve to get harassed
Hind-sight bias

5. Aggression Biology of Aggression Genetic influence Neural influence
Animals bred for aggressiveness
Men are more aggressive (potential y chromosome link)
Neural influence
Neural networks for aggression, not one part of brain
Frontal lobe inhibits aggression
Biochemical influence
Hormones (testosterone) effect aggression levels
Alcohol raises aggression

6. Aggression Psychology of aggression Aversive events
Frustration-aggression principle – frustration leads to anger which leads aggression
Aggression is rewarding
Getting want you want reinforces aggressive behavior
Aggression replacement – reward non-aggressive behaviors instead of punishing undesirable behaviors
Observing models
Ex. Sexually explicit material with violence increases acceptance of violent sexual behavior
Social script – media influence
Description of how to act in certain situations ( i.e. playbook for dating, partying, drug use, etc.)

7. Aggression Video games
Don’t cause aggressive behavior but may prime aggressive behavior
Research doesn’t prove catharsis effect
role playing violent games doesn’t release aggression but increases violent tendency

8. +5 -5 A B
Conflict
Social Traps – pursuing what is best for you in a conflict and getting caught in destructive behavior
Social matrix trap game
Promoting cooperation with self-interest seems best
Role of regulations, communication and awareness of responsibility

9. Conflict Enemy perceptions
Mirror-image perception – as we see them they see us
Believe that the other person in a conflict is shady, untrustworthy, conniving, etc.
Perceptions can and do change as conflicts change
What strategies would you suggest for conflict resolution?
How do different situations effect how you might feel?

10. Attraction Psychology of attraction
Proximity – you like things that you have been around the longest
Mere exposure effect – the more you are exposed to something new the more LIKELY you are to enjoy it
Ex. children with new foods, TV shows, etc.
How does this relate to racism in dominantly white areas?
Difficulties of long distance relationships
How can you like something you’ve never been exposed to

11. Attraction Physical Attractiveness
Appearance is critical to attraction
First impressions – before you ever hear them speak you make judgments
Advertisers often pair their products with attractive people (higher order conditioning). Why?
Beauty is a cultural standard not a universal social norm
Youth seems to be attractive for women in most cultures
What are differences in cultural attractiveness?
Effects of attractiveness on liking and vice versa

12. Attraction Similarity Romantic love
We seem to prefer people/things that are similar to ourselves
Opposites attract doesn’t hold true in research!
Reward attraction theory – like relationships that the rewards outweigh the costs
Romantic love
Passionate love – physical arousal
Butterflies when you meet the “one”
Companionate love – more than just passionate love
Long-term affection
Role of equity & self-disclosure

13. Altruism Doing good for good sake Bystander intervention
Social exchange
Will it help me?
Reciprocity
Help those who help us
Hurt?
Social-responsibility
Parents & kids, teachers & students, etc.

14. Peacemaking Superordinate goals Communication Conciliation
Common goals overcome differences
Communication
Conciliation
Small gestures

15. Review for Social Psychology
Attribution
Theory & error
Attitudes & Actions
Cognitive dissonance
Conformity & Obedience
Asch & Zimbardo
Milgram
Group Influence
Social Relations
Prejudice
Aggression
Conflict
Attraction
Altruism
Peacemaking