1. Ideologies (“isms”) Conservatism – what does conserve mean?
To keep the same.
Conservatives want no change. WHY?
Tend to be at the top – change might mean they lose their position
Support: monarchies, church, distinct social classes
What party in present day America is like this?

2. Ideologies (“isms”) Liberalism – what does liberate mean? To free.
Liberals want lots of change. WHY?
Tend not to be at the top – change means they improve their position
Do not support traditional power sources like monarchies, church, nobility.
Support new ideas of liberty and equality. Who will lead them?

3. Ideologies (“isms”)
Nationalism – pride in background. Maybe the most powerful force. Why?
Where does it come from?
Heritage, ethnicity, culture, religion, race.
Most often the driving force behind revolution between 1800 and 1950

4. Balkan Independence
Serbia was the first to revolt against the Ottomans. Finally independent 1830s thanks to Russia. This relationship is important!!!

5. Greek Independence
1821 – 1828 Greeks fought Ottomans for independence. European powers supported this because___________
of religion

6. France and its Revolutions

7. Bourbon Restoration
Louis XVII died in prison never ascended the throne
Louis XVIII new King (uncle of Louis XVII) More Liberal than his relatives.
Condition of restoration was “The Charter” – the people were
given rights…
Bicameral assembly
Limitations on freedom of press
Limited royal power.
Protected civil rights.
Upheld the Napoleon Code

8. King Charles X of France
Conservative, believer in DRK.
His Goals:
Undo the liberal gains. How?
Limit the right to vote.
Put the clergy back in charge of education.
Public money used to pay nobles for the loss of their lands during the Revolution.
Reject the Charter of Louis XVIII
Suspend the legislature 8

9. Workers, students and some of the middle class call for a Republic
Workers, students and some of the middle class call for a Republic! (AGAIN) 9

10. Louis Philippe  The “Citizen King”
Elected King
Relative of the Bourbons, but not like Charles X.
The King ruled by the will of the people, not by the will of God. Which philosophe would have supported this?
Press censorship abolished.
The Fr Revolution’s tricolor replaced the Bourbon flag.
The government was now under the control of the wealthy middle class. 10

11. Belgian Independence, 1830 The first to follow the lead of France.
The Congress of Vienna made Belgium part of Holland. Did not work!
Wide cultural differences
North: German/Dutch/Protestant seafarers and traders.
South: French/Catholic farmers and individual workers
Allowed to be independent as a buffer to France
Guaranteed neutrality by all the European powers
Belgium currently “struggling “ with separation of Flemish North and French South.

12. France Revolts AGAIN!!!
By the 1840s France was in economic turmoil, corrupt government AGAIN.
So they revolt AGAIN
2nd Republic in June dead in the Streets
Louis Napoleon Bonaparte III (nephew) is elected. Declares himself emperor (like Uncle)
Leads to revolts across Europe
(when France sneezes Europe catches a cold)
Austrians, Hungarians, Italians, Germans, Czechs
All put down (defeated)

13. Revolutions in
Latin America
(19c - Early 20c)

14. European Empires: 1660s

15. Casta System - Social Hierarchy
Peninsulares - White Europeans born in Europe on the Iberian peninsular. Held all the high up appointments and controlled much of the colonial economy.
Creoles – White Europeans born in Colonial America. Formed much of the nobility and landowners, but could never be in control.
There were various combinations of European and non Europeans. Also mixes with no European at all.
Mestizos – native and European mix
Mulattoes – European and African mix
Slaves - Indians, Negroes or a mixture of the two.

16. Limpiar de la Sangre
Because race was such a vital part of life in Latin America, corruption rose around it.
For a price, the church and state officials could “cleanse the blood”
If the external appearance was close, people could have their births rewritten so they moved up the social ladder.

17. Haiti And French
French Revolution promised rights and freedoms to all men.
Free blacks in Haiti expected end to slavery. Owners did not comply.
Slave revolt Fails, but when England tries to invade slaves are promised freedom in return for help.
Granted, but…

18. Napoleon Takes Control
Napoleon does not support freeing slaves.
Tries to reinstate.
Invades
2nd uprising led by Touissant L’Overture.
Former slave.
Military experience in defeating British

19. Toussaint L’OuvetureLeads a Revolution in Haiti (1804)
Haiti becomes the 2nd New World Country to gain its independence.
L’Overture never sees his goal achieved. Is captured by French and dies in prison in France.

20. Napoleon on the March
Invades Iberia. Provides a reason for the independence movement in Latin America. HOW?

21. Latin American Revolutions!

22. Simón Bolivar: The “Brains” of the Revolution
Creole leader of the revolutions in Venezuela.
Spent time in Europe and the newly independent United States.

23. Simón Bolivar Meets
José de San Martin

24. The “Muscle” of the Revolution
Bolivar coming from the North.
José de St. Martín and Bernard O’Higgins cross the Andes Mountains.

25. Bolivar & San Martin Fight for Independence!

26. Bolivar’s Accomplishment

27. Brazil Freed from Portugal
The Portuguese royal family escaped Napoleon by fleeing to Brazil.
Pedro I set up a new, independent kingdom in 1821 when his father returned to Portugal.

28. Independence for Spanish & Portuguese Latin America
By the mid-1820s, revolts create many newly-independent nations.
Toussaint L’Ouveture – Haiti
Bolívar, San Martín, & O’Higgins in: Paraguay, Argentina, Chile, Uruguay, Peru, Bolivia, the United Provinces of Central America, and Grand Columbia!

29. Mexico
Father Hidalgo: Calls for Mexican Independence “el Grito de Dolores”
led march to free people. Supported by Mestizos and some creoles. Lost Creole support over slavery
Captured and executed
Father Jose Morelos takes over. called for social reform
Creoles feared growth of Liberalism in Spain led by Agustin de Iturbide, Mexico gains independence.