1. GEOSPHERE TEST REVIEW

2. 1. What 5 characteristics make up the definition of a mineral? (pg.5)
2. What 4 processes can form a mineral? Explain mineral precipitation. (pg5)
1. Naturally occurring 2. Solid 3. Orderly crystal structure 4.Definite chemical composition 5. Inorganic
1. Crystallization from magma 2. Precipitation 3. High pressure & temperature 4. Hydrothermal solutions. Precipitation= form by evaporation from H2O

3. 1. The Sun and 2.Earth’s interior(core)
3. What is the definition of a rock? What are the
3 types of rocks? How are they classified? (pg. 9)
4. What are the two sources of energy for the rock cycle? Study the rock cycle! (pg.5)
-Solid material made of a mixture of naturally occurring minerals.
-They’re grouped into 3 main types based on how they formed. -Igneous, Sedimentary, Metamorphic
1. The Sun and 2.Earth’s interior(core)

4. 1.Weathering 2. Erosion 3. Deposition 4. Compaction 5. Cementation
5. What are the 5 steps involved in the formation of sedimentary rocks? (pg. 9)
6. What 3 things are required for a metamorphic rock to form? Where in Earth’s crust does this happen? (pg.9)
1.Weathering 2. Erosion 3. Deposition Compaction 5. Cementation
1. Heat 2. Pressure 3. Chemical reaction

5. 7. What is the difference between mechanical and chemical weathering
7. What is the difference between mechanical and chemical weathering? (pg.15)
8. List all of the types of mechanical weathering. List all of the types of chemical weathering. (pg.15)
M= The breaking down of rocks without changing the rock’s chemistry
C= The transformation of a rock through chemical reactions
Mechanical Chemical______
Biological Reactions w/water
Exfoliation Reactions w/ CO2
Frost Wedging Reactions w/ Oxygen
Abrasion Acid precipitation
Plant acids

8. 1. Regolith 2. Organic material 3. Water 4. Air
9. What 4 factors affect the rate of weathering in rocks? What climate is most effective for weathering? (pg. 17)
10. What are the 4 major components of soil? What determines a soil’s texture? (pg.17)
Rock characteristics 2. Surface area 3. Climate
4. Topography
Warm and wet climates have fastest rates
1. Regolith 2. Organic material 3. Water 4. Air

9. O= Organic matter-humus A= Topsoil B= Subsoil C= Parent rock -regolith
11. What climate is best for soil production? How does topography affect soil production? (pg.21)
12. Be sure you can read a soil triangle! List and describe all of the layers of a soil profile. (pg.21)
Temperate (cool to warm) makes two soils.
The steepness and elevation of a rocks resting place impacts the rate of weathering and erosion
O= Organic matter-humus
A= Topsoil
B= Subsoil
C= Parent rock -regolith
R= Bedrock

12. 13. What is the difference between pedalfer & pedocal soil
13. What is the difference between pedalfer & pedocal soil? Where in the U.S. can you find each? (pg.21)
14. What 4 factors affect the rate of soil erosion?(pg 21)
Pedalfer = More the 65cm of rain per year (eastern US)
Pedocal= Les than 65cm of rain per year(western US)
Ice 2. Water 3. Gravity 4. Wind
(Climate, slope steepness, vegetation)

13. 1. Creep 2. Slump 3. Slide 4. Rockfall
15. What is a mass movement? What are 4 things that can trigger a mass movement? (pg 21)
16. List all of the types of mass movements from slowest to fastest. (pg 21)
The transportation of rock and soil down slope due to gravity.
1. Water 2. Oversteepened slopes 3. removal of vegetation 4. Earthquakes
1. Creep 2. Slump 3. Slide 4. Rockfall

14. 17. What is a fault? Where are an earthquake’s focus and epicenter positioned along a fault?(pg35)
18. What does the elastic rebound hypothesis attempt to explain? (pg35)
Fault- fracture in the Earth’s crust along which movement has taken place
Focus= the point of movement beneath the surface Epicenter= point on the surface above focus
Earthquakes= Faults that are strained past a certain point will rupture and bounce back to their original shape

15. 19. What is the difference between P waves and S waves? (pg35)
P- Primary = move fastest by compression through solid, liquid, or gas
S- Secondary= slowest, side to side, through solids

16. -A seismogram is the paper record
20. What is the difference between seismographs & seismograms? How many seismic stations are needed to locate the epicenter? What measures earthquake magnitude? (pg35)
-A seismogram is the paper record
of the seigmograph’s P&S wave collection.
-There must be a total of 3 readings from 3 centers to determine an epicenter.
-Moment Magnitude measures quake magnitudes

17. 25. What kind of landforms (deformations) occur at each type of boundary? What happens to the crust at each type (lost/gained)? Know an example of each type of boundary. (pg.27)
Transform=Strike-slip fault= crust isn’t gained/lost
Convergent= volcanoes, mountains, arcs, trenches= crust lost
Divergent= ocean ridges, rift valley= crust gained

18. Ring of Fire= Quake zone around the pacific ocean
26. What is the Ring of Fire? What is a hot spot? Which one is responsible for the Hawaiian Islands?
(Pg.35 and 37)
Ring of Fire= Quake zone around the pacific ocean
Hot spot- areas of volcanic activity in the middle of lithospheric plates

19. 27. What is viscosity. What leads to violent volcanic eruptions. (pg
28. What is pyroclastic material?
Viscosity= A materials ability to resist flow, Fast flowing magma(low viscosity), high silica content, and high gas content
Solid particles that are come out of a volcano during eruptions (ash, lapilli, bombs, blocks)

20. 29. List the 3 types of volcanoes
29. List the 3 types of volcanoes? Know how each erupts, the magma in each, and how each is
Shaped. (pg 37)
1. Composite 2.Shield Cinder___
Low viscosity High viscosity Pyroclastic
High silica Low silica Mostly silica
High gas Low gas Low gas
Very Explosive Calmer eruption Explosive

21. 30. What is the difference between a volcanic crater, vent, and caldera? (pg37)
Magma flows from the crust through a volcanic vent creating a funnel-shaped crater at the top of the volcano. When the volcanic walls collapse, calderas form.

22. 1 Minerals & Rocks 2 3 Plate Tectonics 4 1. D C B A 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
Weathering,
Erosion,
& Soil 3
Plate
Tectonics 4
Earthquakes
&
Volcanoes 1. D C B A 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
10.
11.
12.