1. Period 1

2. Pre-"discovery"
Native Americans migrated to the Americas via land bridge
formed diverse and complex societies
lack of livestock limited farming
South America and Central America developed advanced societies
societies often lacked governments or fixed laws
matrilineal

3. Indians of Eastern North America
Extremely diverse
Hundreds of languages
Unique political systems and sets of religious beliefs
Did not think of themselves as a single unified people
No ownership of land
Families were assigned land to use by village leaders
Unclaimed land could be used by anyone
Did not believed that land could be bought and sold

4. Spread of Native Peoples

5. "Discovery" 1492: Christopher Columbus' initial voyage
Watling Island (Columbus named it San Salvador)
1493,1498, & 1502
believed he had found a westward rout to Asia

6. Other Voyages of Exploration
John Cabot
Sailed for England: reached Newfoundland 1497
Pedro Cabral
Claimed Brazil for Portugal 1500
Vasco Nunez de Balboa
First European to see Pacific Ocean from Americas (Panama)
Ferdinand Magellan
Crew first to sail around the world
Magellan killed in the Philippines

7. Hernando Cortez 1519
Conquered Tenochtitlan/Aztecs
Francisco Pizzaro
Conquered the Incas

8. Columbian Exchange Native Americans
Corn, tomatoes, potatoes, peanuts, tobacco, & cotton
Europeans
Wheat, rice, sugar cane, horses, cattle, sheep, pigs
Diseases ***

9. Destruction of Native Peoples
Hispaniola
Population est. 300,000 to 1 million in 1492
50 years later they were almost completely gone
Diseases such as smallpox, influenza, & measles
Forced labor & starvation of Native peoples on haciendas killed many
Bartolome de Las Casas 1514 freed his slaves and began to preach the evils of colonization

10. Social Structure Peninsulares- top Born in Europe Mestizos- middle
Native and European descent
Native Americans
Forced labor

11. Justification of Conquest
Belief in superiority of culture
Spread religion
Find immense wealth

12. Spanish Exploration & Colonization in the 1500s
Often looking for wealth with the excuse of spreading religion
Brutal to Native inhabitants
First region colonized was Florida
Disease and attack by Native peoples proved to make colonization difficult
Pueblo Revolt 1680
Successfully expelled the Spanish
Reconquered in 1692

13. French Colonization
Depended on trade with Native peoples, not agricultural settlement
Treated them better
Settled the Great Lakes and Ohio River Valley region and much of present day Canada
Samuel de Champlain’s attitude unique for the time period with respect to Native Americans and treatment of religion because he:
Denied that Native Americans were inferior
Insisted on religious toleration

14. Dutch Settlement
Henry Hudson established New Netherland and settled Manhattan Island
Allowed private religious liberty and freedom of the press
Not democratically controlled
Patroons- granted land which they were allowed to divide among tenants
Received 10% of profit
Law enforcement authority over their property
Patroons supposed to purchase their land from the Native Americans