1. Migration
Ch. 3 - Migration

2. Where are Migrants Distributed? Key Issue #1

3. Global Migration Patterns
Migration occurs from less developed to more developed countries.

5. US Immigration Patterns
17th-18th century (colonial)
England (voluntary migration) and Africa (forced migration)
19th century-20th century
1840s-1850s – N. and W. Europe
1870s-1880s – N. and W. Europe
1900s-1910s – S. and E. Europe
Late 20th century – present
Asia and Latin America

7. Where Do People Migrate Within a Country? Key Issue #2

8. Migration between Regions within the US
Changing centers of population

9. Migration between Regions within the US
1790: Hugging the coast
1800 – 1840: Crossing the Appalachians
1850 – 1890: Rushing to the Gold
1900 – 1940: Filling in the Great Plains
1950 – 2010: Moving South

12. Migration in other countries
Russia
Canada
China
Brazil

13. Migration within one region
Migration from Rural to Urban Areas
75% of the US is urban
Worldwide, 20 million people go from rural to urban
Seek economic improvement
Migration from Urban to Suburban Areas
In the US, more move from urban to suburban areas
Suburbs have advantages (schools, yards, streets, safety, etc.)

15. Migration within one region
Migration from Metropolitan to Nonmetropolitan Areas
Counterurbanization
Internet allows jobs to be done nearly anywhere
Older people leave the hustle and bustle for countryside
Future of migration trends is hard to tell

16. Why Do People Migrate? Key Issue #3

17. Push and Pull Factors Economic – resources, job prospect, etc.
Cultural – slavery, political instability (refugees and democratic freedom), etc.
Environmental – attractive v. hazardous environments, health reasons, too much or too little water, etc.
Intervening Obstacles – environmental or cultural features that hinder migration (less of an issue now)

18. Simple Migration Model
Location A Location B
PUSH
PULL
Migration

19. Lee’s Model of Migration
Location A Location B
Intervening Obstacles - + - +

20. Lee’s Model: Characteristics
Doesn’t isolate specific push/pull factors
Every location has a range of attributes
- negative
+ positive
0 neutral
Different people will have different perceptions of the push/pull factors - + - +

22. Ravenstein’s Laws Most people migrate for economic reasons
Cultural and environmental factors induce migration
Each migration flow produces a counter-flow
Most migrants relocate a short distance within the same county
Why? Distance Decay!
Long-distance migrants head for major centers of economic activity
Most long-distance migrants are male (nowadays, more women are migrating)
Most long-distance migrants are adult individuals (not families with children)

23. Distance of Migration International v. internal migration
Interregional v. intraregional migration

24. Distance of Migration International Migration Voluntary v. forced
Migration Transition
International – stage 2 country to a stage 3 or 4 country
Stage 2 Internal – farm to city
Stage 3 or 4 Internal – cities to suburbs

25. Characteristics of Migrants
Gender of migrants
1st wave – generally male
2nd wave – generally female
Family status of migrants
Mostly adults seeking work
Many leave the home country and send money back home to families

26. Why Do Migrants Face Obstacles? Key Issue #4

27. US Quota Laws Quota Acts – 1921, 1924, 1965
Country vs. hemisphere quotas
In the US, talented professionals and skilled workers get selected the most.
Can lead to a brain drain, or large-scale emigration by talented people.

28. Immigration Policies of Host Countries
Temporary migration for work
Guest workers
Take low pay and low-skill jobs
Earn more than they would at home
In Europe, most come from N. Africa, the Middle East, E. Europe, and Asia

29. Immigration Policies of Host Countries
Time-Contract Workers
Recruited to work for a period of time.
Why do most stay in the new country?
Migrants v. Refugees
Cuba – political refugees
Haiti – economic refugees
Vietnam – most were political

30. Cultural Problems Faced While Living in Other Countries
US toward (legal and undocumented/unauthorized) immigrants
Suspicious of newcomers
Prior to 1900, immigrants received a lot of hostility
Prop 187 (CA) and SB 1070 (AZ)
Attitudes toward guest workers
Poor social conditions
Many western Europeans dislike guest workers