1. States of Consciousness
Chapter Four:
States of Consciousness
2008 McGraw-Hill Co., Inc. All rights reserved

2. Kokology
1] You are riding a camel across the vast and empty expanse of a seemingly endless desert. You have ridden until you are near exhaustion. What words would you say to the camel that has carried you all the way? 2] Just at the point when you thought you’d die of thirst, a beautiful oasis appears. But someone has arrived before you. Who is this other traveler? (Use the name of a person you know) 3] Time passes slowly in the desert, and it feels like an eternity before the lights of a town appear on the horizon. You have finally reached your destination. What are your feelings as you come to your journey’s end? 4] The time has come to part with the camel you have ridden for so ling. Just as you dismount, a new rider climbs into the saddle to take your place. Who is the new rider? (Name another person in your life)

3. The desert and camel theme symbolizes the journey toward personal independence. Specifically, this scenario reveals your feelings about parting with a lover. Your answers show how you might react when the time comes to go your separate ways. 1] The words you spoke to the camel reveal what you might say to yourself when you realize love has been lost. Did you try words of encouragement like “We’ll make it through somehow!” or “Don’t worry, this can’t go on forever”? Or was there a hint of despair, “We’re lost… this is hopeless… I think we’re going to die out here?” 2] In psychological terms, the oasis symbolizes the key to solving one’s problems. The person you encountered here could be someone who has helped or comforted you in the past or one you might turn to in times of need. 3] The town at journey’s end stands for the order restored to your emotions once you’ve recovered from your broken heart. Your feelings upon reaching the town are your true feelings about finally getting over a lost love. 4] The new rider is a person toward whom you feel a secret rivalry, jealousy, or resentment. Is the person you named a rival in love or maybe someone who once broke your heart?

4. longest single subject study - Randy Gardner, a 17 year old high school student set out to break the world record for staying awake in order to win a science fair. The previous record was 260 hours of total sleep deprivation (Yikes!). Once word got out that Randy was trying this, scientists came to monitor and record his progress. Here are some of the things that Randy experienced during that time:
longest single subject study - Randy Gardner, a 17 year old high school student set out to break the world record for staying awake in order to win a science fair. The previous record was 260 hours of total sleep deprivation (Yikes!). Once word got out that Randy was trying this, scientists came to monitor and record his progress. Here are some of the things that Randy experienced during that time:

5. day 1 - nothing unusual, just some fatigue
day 1 - nothing unusual, just some fatigue. day 2 - Randy began having problems focusing his eyes. As a result, he gave up one of the most utilized tools in sleep deprivation studies to remain awake - he stopped watching TV for rest of study. day 3 - at this point, he started having some minor mood changes, ataxia (poor body movement coordination), speech problems, and nausea. day 4 - not surprisingly, Randy started getting irritable on day 4, became a bit uncooperative, had some memory losses, poor concentration, and indicated that he felt like tight band around head. he also had a few hallucinations, including mistaking a street sign for a person.

6. day 5 - Randy started having more hallucinations
day 5 - Randy started having more hallucinations. For example, Randy insisted he was a great football player (although he clearly wasn't) and became annoyed with any arguments to the contrary. Later in day he began to feel better. days more ataxia, speech and memory problems. day 9 - fragmented thoughts and speech, blurred vision, and he became paranoid (he stated that others were out to ruin his attempt to break the record).

7. After reaching goal, Randy slept for 14
After reaching goal, Randy slept for hours, after which all of the speech and memory problems disappeared. He also obtained an extra 6.5 hours of sleep over next two nights, regaining 24% of lost sleep including 2/3 of lost stage 4 and 1/2 of lost REM. It is a bit misleading to use the term "regaining lost sleep" as we never truly regain sleep (once gone, it's gone). However, what happens is that we can have an increase in the amount of particular stages of sleep we obtain. This is often referred to as "regaining lost sleep".

8. Randy's experiences showed us several things about sleep, including: a) the cerebrum and human behavior are affected, although significantly harmful effects were not found b) physical condition (BP, Heart Rate, strength, etc) all remained normal throughout the study. c) circadian rhythms were demonstrated d) most recovery sleep occurred in one session and most recovery was stage 4 and REM.

9. Wide Awake: Normal Waking Consciousness
Consciousness - state of awareness
Daydreams:
everyday consciousness and dreams
combined in the state of waking
consciousness
Revised this slide
2008 McGraw-Hill Co., Inc. All rights reserved

10. Wide Awake: Normal Waking Consciousness (cont.)
Divided consciousness:
- being in two places (mentally) at the same time
Ernest Hilgard :
conscious awareness becomes “split” and simultaneously perform two activities
requiring conscious awareness
- e.g., talking on a cell phone while driving
2008 McGraw-Hill Co., Inc. All rights reserved

11. Wide Awake: Normal Waking Consciousness (cont.)
The concept of the unconscious mind:
cocktail party phenomenon—the ability to focus on one voice and tune out other voices.
i.e. this usually happens at a party this is where the name comes from
2008 McGraw-Hill Co., Inc. All rights reserved

12. Sleep and Dreams
Stages of sleep:
- hypnagogic state: a twilight stage between wakefulness and sleep
- myoclonia: a falling sensation that may occur during the hypnagogic state
Revised removed charts. Added the definitions to the words that appear in the slide.
2008 McGraw-Hill Co., Inc. All rights reserved

13. Sleep and Dreams (cont.)
REM sleep and dreams:
- Aserinsky and Kleitman:
- rapid-eye-movement sleep
- Webb:
- autonomic storms
- time spent dreaming:
- 2 hours per night divided into 4 to 6 episodes
- last part of the sleep cycle
2008 McGraw-Hill Co., Inc. All rights reserved

14. Sleep and Dreams (cont.)
Non-REM sleep and dreams:
- on average, non-REM dreams are less
bizarre and filled with less negative
emotion than REM dreams
- non-REM dreams occur 2–3 hours per night
2008 McGraw-Hill Co., Inc. All rights reserved

15. Sleep and Dreams (cont.)
Circadian rhythms:
- body’s internal
clock
- regular pattern that
lasts about 24 hours
These aid in consistent sleep:
- hormone melatonin
- growth hormone
- body temperature
cortisol
2008 McGraw-Hill Co., Inc. All rights reserved

16. Shift Work Sleep duration depends on when one goes to sleep
Working at night does not reliably change the circadian rhythm
People adjust best to night work if they sleep in a very dark room during the day and work under very bright lights at night

17. Morning People and Evening People
Cycles can differ between people and lead to different patterns of wakefulness and alertness
Change as a function of age
Young children are morning people
Adolescents are often night people
As an adult, it partially depends upon genetics

18. Sleep and Dreams (cont.)
Meaning of dreams:
- day residue and stimulus incorporation
- dream interpretation:
- manifest content
- latent content
I deleted the original slide ten.
2008 McGraw-Hill Co., Inc. All rights reserved

19. 30 Common Dream Symbols
Animals often represent the part of your psyche that feels connected to nature and survival. Being chased by a predator suggests you're holding back repressed emotions like fear or aggression.
Babies can symbolize a literal desire to produce offspring, or your own vulnerability or need to feel loved. They can also signify a new start.
Being chased is one of the most common dream symbols in all cultures. It means you are feeling threatened, so reflect on who is chasing you (they may also be symbolic) and why they are a possible threat in real life.
Clothes make a statement about how we want other people to perceive us. If you dream symbol is shabby clothing, you may feel unattractive or worn out. Changing what you wear may reflect a lifestyle change.
Crosses are interpreted subjectively depending on your religious beliefs. Some see it as symbolizing balance, death, or an end to a particular phase of life. The specific circumstances will help define these dream symbols.
Exams can signify self-evaluation, with the content of the exam reflecting the part of your personality or life under inspection.
Death of a friend or loved one represents change (endings and new beginnings) and is not a paranormal prediction of any kind. If you are recently bereaved, it may be an attempt to come to terms with the event.
Falling is a common dream symbol that relates to our anxieties about letting go, losing control over a situation, or somehow failing after a success.
Faulty machinery in dreams is often caused by your language centers being shut down while asleep, making it difficult to dial a phone, read the time, or search the internet. It can also represent performance anxiety in life.
Food is said to symbolize knowledge, because it nourishes the body just as information nourishes the brain. Food for thought?
Demons are sneaky evil entities which signify repressed emotions. You may secretly feel the need to change your own behaviors for the better.
Hair has significant ties with sexuality, according to Freud. Abundant hair may symbolize virility, while cutting hair off in a dream shows a loss of libido. Hair loss may also express a literal fear of going bald or becoming unattractive.
Hands are always present in dreams but when they are tied up it may represent feelings of futility. Washing your hands may express guilt. Looking closely at your hands in a dream is a good way to become lucid.
Houses can host many common dream symbols, but the building as a whole represents your inner psyche. Each room or floor can symbolize different emotions, memories and interpretations of meaningful events.
Killing in your dreams does not make you a closet murderer; it represents your desire to "kill" part of your own personality. It can also symbolize hostility towards a particular person and the desire to see them suffer.

20. Marriage may be a literal desire to wed or a merging of the feminine and masculine parts of your psyche.
Missing a flight or any other kind of transport is another popular dream, showing your frustration over possibly missing out on important opportunities in life. It's most common when you're struggling to make a big decision.
Money can symbolize self worth. If you dream of exchanging money, it may show that you're anticipating some changes in your life.
Mountains are obstacles, so to dream of successfully climbing a mountain can reveal a true feeling of achievement. Viewing a landscape from atop a mountain can symbolize a life under review without conscious prejudice.
Nudity is one of the most common dream symbols, revealing your true self to others. You may feel vulnerable and exposed to others. Showing off your nudity may suggest sexual urges or a desire for recognition.
People (other dream characters) are reflections of your own psyche, and may demonstrate specific aspects of your own personality.
Radios and TVs can symbolize communication channels between the conscious and subconscious minds. When lucid, ask them a question...
Roads, aside from being literal manifestations, convey your direction in life. This may be time to question your current "life path".
Schools are common dream symbols in children and teenagers but what about dreaming of school in adulthood? It may display a need to know and understand yourself, fueled by life's own lessons.
Sex dreams can symbolize intimacy and a literal desire for sex. Or they may demonstrate the unification of unconscious emotions with conscious recognition, showing a new awareness and personal growth.
Teachers, aside from being literal manifestations of people, can represent authority figures with the power to enlighten you.
Teeth are common dream symbols. Dreaming of losing your teeth may show a hidden fear of getting old and being unattractive to the opposite sex.
Being trapped (physically) is a common nightmare theme, reflecting your real life inability to escape or make the right choice.
Vehicles may reflect how much control you feel you have over your life - for instance is the car out of control, or is someone else driving you?
Water comes in many forms and can symbolize the subconscious mind. Calm pools of water reflect inner peace while a choppy ocean can suggest unease.

21. Sleep Disorders A sleep disorder associated with inadequate sleep
Caused by a number of factors, including noise, stress, pain, diet, and medication
Can also be the result of disorders such as epilepsy, Parkinson’s disease, depression, anxiety or other conditions
Dependence on sleeping pills or alcohol and shifts in the circadian rhythms can also result in insomnia

22. Sleep Apnea
A sleep disorder characterized by the inability to breathe while sleeping for a prolonged period of time
Consequences: sleepiness during the day, impaired attention, depression, and sometimes heart problems
Causes: genetics, hormones, old age, obesity and deterioration of the brain mechanisms that control breathing
Effects: cognitive impairment may result

23. Narcolepsy, Part 1
A sleep disorder characterized by frequent periods of sleepiness
Gradual or sudden attack of sleepiness
Occasional cataplexy: muscle weakness triggered by strong emotions
Sleep paralysis: inability to move while falling asleep or waking up
Hypnagogic hallucinations: dreamlike experiences

24. Narcolepsy, Part 2
Seems to run in families, although no gene has been identified
Caused by lack of hypothalamic cells that produce and release orexin
Primary treatment is with stimulant drugs (i.e., Ritalin), which increase wakefulness by enhancing dopamine and norepinephrine activity

25. Periodic Limb Movement Disorder
The repeated involuntary movement of the legs and sometimes the arms while sleeping
Legs kick once every 20 to 30 seconds for periods of minutes to hours
Usually occurs during NREM sleep

26. REM Behavior Disorder
Associated with vigorous movement during REM sleep
Usually associated with acting out dreams
Research suggest that inadequate GABA and other inhibitory neurotransmitters may be responsible

27. Night Terrors and Sleepwalking, Part 1
Night terrors are experiences of intense anxiety from which a person awakens screaming in terror
Usually occurs in NREM sleep
“Sleepwalking” runs in families, mostly occurs in young children, and occurs mostly in stage 3 or 4 sleep
Not associated with dreaming

28. Night Terrors and Sleepwalking, Part 2
It is not dangerous to wake a sleepwalker
A condition similar to sleepwalking is sexsomnia: engaging in sexual behavior while asleep
Can pose a threat to romances and marriages

29. 8.3 Why Sleep? Why REM? Why Dreams?
We’ve evolved mechanisms to force us to sleep
Inhibitory processes in our brains force us to become less aroused and less alert, and thus to sleep

30. Functions of Sleep Some of the many functions of sleep include:
Resting muscles
Decreasing metabolism
Performing cellular maintenance in neurons
Reorganizing synapses
Strengthening memories