1. What is barley?

2. In the beginning there was Hordeum spontaneum
Now there is …..... Hordeum vulgare*
2n = 2x = 14
5.3 Gbp
~ 30,000 genes
Self-pollinated (hermaphroditic)
* Technically speaking spontaneum and vulgare are both subspecies of H. vulgare

3. Center of origin and domestication

4. Domestication traits Actual diversity Apparent diversity Spontaneum
Vulgare
Shattering (brittle rachis)
Shattering resistant (non-brittle rachis)
2-row
2-row, 6-row
Adhering hulls
Adhering, non-adhering (naked)
Winter annual
Winter, facultative, and spring annual
Apparent diversity
Apparent diversity
Actual diversity
Actual diversity

5. Domestication and evolutionary
bottlenecks
Apparent diversity
Actual diversity
The imperative for conservation and characterization of genetic resources

6. The domestication traits, the genes, and the mechanisms
Locus/alleles
Phenotype
Mechanism
Btr1,Btr2
Shattering/retention
Loss of function deletions
Vrs1
2-row/6-row
Nud
Hull adherence
Vrn1, Vrn2, Vrn3
Growth habit
Loss of function deletions
Ppd1, Ppd2
Photoperiod sensitivity

7. Inflorescence type
2-row vs. 6-row
1 gene/30,000 genes

8. Covered vs. Naked
1 gene/30,000 genes

9. Growth Habit
winter, facultative and spring
3+ genes/30,000 genes

10. Growth habit and allied traits
Winter
Facultative
Spring
Low temperature tolerance
Yes No
Vernalization sensitivity
Photoperiod sensitivity (short day)
Varies

11. Facultative growth habit
Flexibility!
Fall planting
Cold tolerance
on demand
Spring planting
not needed

12. Why barley?
Beverage, food, feed

13. Beverage
The transformative power of malting
Steeping, Germination, Kilning
Time (~1 week)
temperature (50o – 350o)
Moisture (10% – 50%)

14. Barley malt
The base of beer and spirits
Culinary uses
The economic driver of barley

15. Barley malt and beer styles
All-malt beers
Reinheitsgebot compliant beers
Most US craft beers
Brewing with adjuncts
American standard lager
Happoshu
Beer of the Third Kind

16. Barley malt specifications:
Starch-related: Malt extract
Enzyme-related: Diastatic power
“Modification” - Not too low, not too high…

17. Malt quality parameters:
Buck naked winter 6-row - taste the malt
Full Pint covered spring 2-row - taste the beer
Copeland covered spring 2-row - the ace of base malts

18. One variety: Many Malts
Time, temperature, moisture

19. Food barley Symptoms: Cardiovascular disease, diabetes, obesity
Part of the problem: Diets low in fiber,
high in refined grains, sugars, and
saturated fats
Part of the solution: Barley - a rich source
of soluble fiber

20. Food barley Soluble dietary fiber
Normal (~5%) vs. High (~15%) beta glucan
Is high better?
1 serving “normal” = RDA
Whole grain nutrition vs. beta glucan extraction

21. Food barley in the world and the US
Culinary traditions in Himalayas, North Africa, Andes
Health and satiety

22. Local food barley
# STRKR (Streaker)
First Alternative Coop
Barley scones at OSU UHDS

23. Feed Barley Greatest usage, worldwide
Feeding value (and price) corn - discount
Nutritional needs of ruminants, non-ruminants, and poultry
The role of the hull - ~ 12% of yield

24. Feed barley or Malt barley?
The dogma: “A good malt barley is good feed barley, but not the reverse”
The (crafty) truth: “With changes in malting protocol a feed barley can be an excellent malt barley”

25. Feed (Forage) Barley
Hooded barley
hoods, rather than awns
usually cut green for hay or silage

26. Barley: History – Explains the Present
1 mile per year (?)

27. Migration and specialization
Europe
Beer
Hulls, spring growth habit, 2-row
Feed (food and some beer)
Hulls, spring/winter/facultative, 6-row
“The decree known as the Reinheitsgebot, issued in Ingolstadt in 1516, had three aims: to protect drinkers from high prices; to ban the use of wheat in beer so more bread could be made; and to stop unscrupulous brewers from adding dubious toxic and even hallucinogenic ingredients as preservatives or flavourings.”

28. Migration and specialization
North Africa/Iberian peninsula – feed/food
Hulls, winter/facultative growth habit, 6-row

29. Migration and specialization
“Barley helped ancient Tibetans climb to 3400 meters”

30. Maximum nutrition and return
The hull
Insoluble fiber
Naked, spring growth habit
2-row, 6-row

31. Migration and specialization
Americas (17th century - )
North and Meso
Hulls, spring growth habit, 2-row malt –Europe
Hulls, spring growth habit, 6-row malt – Europe/Asia
Hulls, spring/winter/facultative 6-row feed – Iberian peninsula/North Africa

32. Migration and specialization
Americas (17th century - )
South
Southern cone: Hulls, spring growth habit, 2-row malt – Europe
Andes: Naked, spring growth habit, 2,6-row food

33. Migration and specialization
Australia/ New Zealand (18th century - )
Hulls, spring growth habit, 2-row malt – Europe

34. Migration and specialization
Central and East Asia
Hulls, spring growth habit,
2-row malt –Europe

35. Barley and $

36. Barley – world’s 4th most important cereal crop
In the US……

37. Barley: Production considerations

38. Supply:
1 seed becomes seeds
100 lbs becomes 5,000 – 10,000 lbs
Demand:
$130/ton feed
$ 1.5 X – 3X feed for malt or organic feed
Food barley $ = wheat $ (?)

39. Equipment scales
Garden
Research
Commercial

40. Raising barley – from seed to seed
Variety choice
Planting
Management
Harvest
Storage
End use

41. Varieties Self-pollinated Breed true Growth habit
Winter, spring, facultative
Seed source
Certified, farmer-farmer, saved
Ownership
Public, Plant Variety Protection, licensed, patented

42. Planting How Broadcast, drill Seedbed preparation
Tillage, minimum-tillage, no-tillage
Seeding rate
Lbs/acre; seeds/square foot
Seeding date
Growth habit

43. Management
Organic/Conventional
Weeds
Diseases
Insects
Nutrition

44. Harvest Cutting Hand tools Mowers Binders Threshing Abrasion
Mechanical threshers
Cleaning
De-bearding
Removing chaff
Removing other seeds

45. Harvest
Combine
Plot
Small
Standard
Cleaning
De-bearding
Removing chaff
Removing other seeds

46. Storage
Moisture
Insects
Rodents
Fungi

47. Marketing
Open
Contract
Specifications

48. OSU Breeding and Research Objectives
2-row malt; 2-row and 6-row food; IMI-tolerant feed
Facultative growth habit
Quality
Biotic and abiotic stress resistance
Product development

49. The OSU Barley Project Crossing Doubled haploids Genetics and Breeding
Publication, Variety/Germplasm release
Herb, D.W., et al Malt modification and its effects on the contributions of barley genotype to beer. flavor. J. Amer. Soc. Brew. Chem. 75:

50. Malting barley variety development
Grain to Glass 11 – 13 years
Time frame
(yrs)
Activity
Amount of seed required for one malting quality assessment
Amounts of seed available and scale
2-3
Breeding and selection; initial agronomic assessment
Segregating generations
Doubled haploid populations
0g – 1 kg for breeding program
3-4
Preliminary to advanced agronomic testing and micro-malting of samples from multiple environments
200 grams
1 kg – 20 kg for breeding and extension programs
20 kg –100 kg for breeding and extension programs. Initiate large-scale increase of pure seed for commercial scale quality assessment and variety release
7 kilograms/
location
2 locations 3
AMBA Pilot Scale Test must be rated satisfactory in 2/3 years of testing
Large volumes for on-farm testing and commercial scale malting and brewing
AMBA Plant Scale malting and brewing trials must be rated satisfactory in 3/3 brewing trials
800
metric tons 3

51. Why Barley for Oregon?
Diversify
New products
Rotation
Craft brewers and distillers
Whole grains
Full spectrum local supply
Ideal barley growing areas

52. Recent OSU varieties
Alba: 6-row winter. Feed/Malt. Covered. Public.

53. Recent OSU varieties
Buck: 6-row winter. Food/Malt. Naked. Public.

54. Recent OSU varieties Full Pint: 2-row spring. Covered. Public.
Gold Rush Malting, Great Western Malting, Mecca Grade Estate Malt, Corvallis Brewing Supply

55. Upcoming OSU varieties
: 2-row winter. Covered. Non-exclusive
License. AMBA Plant Scale – year 1.

56. Facultative and winter 2-row malting barley
American Malting Barley Association Pilot
Selection
Pedigree
Row type
Growth habit
EPH
AMBA current status 2018
Wintmalt/Charles 2
Winter
Producer
Plant Scale Year 1 ongoing
DH130939
Full Pint/Violetta
Facultative
Non-producer
Pilot year 2 submission
DH120304
Maris Otter/Full Pint
Pilot year 1 submission
DH130910
TC6W265/Herz 29494//2991
Pilot prospect
DH140088
Violetta/Charles//Full Pint
DH131679
DH140963
04_028_36/Archer
No data

57. The Next Pint Project
Mecca Grade Estate Malt, Full Pint, and on to the Next Pint

58. The Barley World malt house

59. Is it time for barley to go naked after 10,000 years?
Multi-use naked barley for malt/food/feed USDA NIFA-OREI
Breeders, growers, chefs, food processors, maltsters, brewers and distillers from around the US

60. (gamma irradiation of Maythorpe, ari-e, 1968)
Crossing, selection (phenotypic, genetic/genomic), mutants, GMOs, and CRISPR
Golden Promise
(gamma irradiation of Maythorpe, ari-e, 1968)
LOX
Mechanism
Loss of function deletions
DMS

61. Grow your own barley?

62. Hands on with barley Grow your own malt: Full Pint
Territorial Seed:

63. Hands on with barley Make your own malt and beer
“Kitchen counter” malting: Lots of online resources. For example…BeerSmith:
Malt analysis at Hartwick Center for Craft Food and Beverage:
Homebrewing recipes: Joel Rea and crew at Corvallis Brewing Supply, Downtown Corvallis

64. Hands on with barley
Select your own naked variety: The Oregon Naked Barley Blend (ONBB-753)

65. Hands on with barley
Select your own naked variety: The Oregon Naked Barley Blend (ONBB-753)

66. The Oregon Barley Project crew – past and present
Thanks!
The Oregon Barley Project crew – past and present
Brought to you by
Federal and state tax dollars, American Malting Barley Association, Brewers Association, Flavor-Pack, Great Western Malting, Mecca Grade Estate Malt, Oregon Wheat Commission,, USDA-ARS-NACAs, USDA-NIFA-OREI, USDA-USWBSI, Western Rivers Conservancy