1. Land Use Models Urban Models from around the World
Copeland APHG Unit 7: Urbanization

2. Urban models of the developed world
North America
Europe

3. Models of Urban Land Use in North America
Study of urban land use generally draws from three descriptive models
Burgess’ Concentric Zone Model
Hoyt’s Sector Model
Harris & Ullman’s Multiple Nuclei Model

4. Models of Urban Land Use
These models were developed to generalize the patterns of urban land use found in early industrial US cities
None of them can accurately describe land use in all cities
Describe patterns of land use in a generic city, do not describe the process by which land use changes

5. Some assumptions seen through the models (some will be addressed in later models)
Private ownership of property
Economic competition for space
CBD is main point for employment
Expanding area and population
Physical geography plays no role (flat & featureless)
Transportation is cheap, fast and reliable in all directions

6. Trade Off Model of Land Use
Rents decrease as distance increases
Certain land use types benefit from a more central location

7. Models of Urban Land Use
Criticisms of all models
Economic focus
Marginalize cultural/social influences
Limited environmental focus
???

8. Models of Urban Land Use
Concentric Zone Model
Sector Model
Multiple Nuclei Model
Peripheral Model/Galactic City Model
Urban Realms Model
White’s 21st Century Model

9. Concentric Zone

10. Sector

11. Multi-Nuclei

12. Peripheral

13. Vance’s Urban Realms Model
Each Urban Realm is shaped by:
Terrain
Overall city size
Amount of economic activity in each realm
Internal accessibility of each core
Inter-accessibility among realms

14. White’s 21st Century Model
Comprised of seven key elements:
Core-still key but functions may have changed
Zone of Stagnation-Result of vertical not horizontal expansion
Pockets of poverty and minorities
Elite enclaves
Diffused middle class-based upon life stage and history
Industrial Anchors & Public Sector Control-Exert pressure on patterns of land use and development
Epicentres and corridors

15. John Borchert’s Epochs of Urban Transportation Development
Focused on intraurban growth
Based on breakthroughs in transportation technology
Sail-Wagon Epoch (1790–1830), cities grow near ports and major waterways which are used for transportation;
Iron Horse Epoch (1830–70), characterized by impact of steam engine technology, and development of steamboats and regional railroad networks;
Steel Rail Epoch (1870–1920), dominated by the development of long haul railroads and a national railroad network;
Auto-Air-Amenity Epoch (1920–70), with growth in the gasoline combustion engine;
High-Technology Epoch (1970–Present Day), expansion in service and information sectors of the economy 15

16. Intraurban growth

17. European City model
European cities-much older (Rome, Athens, Paris, Rome, London); established as ecclesiastical or university centers, have defensive strongholds, act as administrative centers; zoning laws determine how land and buildings can be used (residential, commercial and industrial); streets are set up in dendritic patterns (designed for foot traffic); many cities established in Europe due to expansion of Industrial Revolution; wealthy live in CBDs; many city parks; greenbelts (rural areas set aside to prevent development) are prevalent in the United Kingdom and are used to prevent in-filling. World War II was a factor in determining recent development in European cities (new buildings next to older buildings)

18. Joke

19. Stages of URBAN DEVELOPMENT

20. Stages of Urban Development
Urbanization
Suburbanization/Ex-urbanization
Dis-urbanization/Counter-urbanization
Re-urbanization

22. Urbanization Stage
Certain settlements grow at the cost of surrounding countryside
People move to cities for jobs, industrial growth

23. Suburbanization/Ex-urbanization Stage
When the urban ring grows at the cost of the urban core
Factors:
Rise in disposable incomes
Automobile
Huge demand for housing
Public policies promoting
Home Ownership (Govt Loans)
Highway Construction (Interstate System)
Deconcentration of employment & creation of office parks & manufacturing parks
Anti-urban location preference (larger home lots)
Policies favoring ring development instead of urban revitalization

26. Dis-urbanization/ Counter-urbanization Stage
When the population loss of the core exceeds the population gain of the ring resulting in total loss of population
Factors/characteristics
Decentralization of manufacturing
Growth of service sector
Early retirement & large retirement $$$
Pursuit of leisure activities
“Modernization” of rural life
Long distance commuting
Anti-urban feelings
Completion of interstate
Growth of energy & extractive industries

27. Re-urbanization Stage
Either the rate of population loss in core tapers off or the core starts regaining population shift in urban economy from manufacturing to service
Growth in sunbelt cities
High tech growth
Immigration filling inner city areas
Re-focus on urban living
Revitalization of downtowns
Lofts
Sports Arenas
Gentrification of older areas

33. European Cities
No set model due to diversity of settlements and population.
Common characteristics:
Plazas, squares, low sky lines
Ecclesiastical centers or university centers of city (CBD)
Zoning laws
Dendritic pattern of roads
Greenbelts used to prevent in-filling

34. Developing/less-developed World Urban Land Use Models

35. Developing/less-developed World Urban Land Use Models
Classical (North American) models of urban structure do not fit cities of Africa, Latin America, or Asia because of colonialism, foreign investment, and social structures
The Third World city’s downtown has both a modern CBD and a traditional market district
It is still very common for wealthy residents to prefer locations near the downtown commercial areas
Recent migrants from rural areas typically cluster at the edges of the urban area in squatter settlements (Latin America and SE Asia)
called favelas in Brazil, kampungs in Indonesia, shantytowns in much of Africa
Suburban nodes and edge cities have not yet developed

36. Latin American Cities 1. Urban Primacy
Resulting from rural-to-urban migration
2. Spatial Polarization
The wealthy live in walled-off, gated communities, mainly near the city center and in attractive wedges or corridors of suburbanization
The poor live in slums and squatter settlements
3. Uneven or dual economies
A large informal sector

37. Are there any similarities between this model and the Western models
Are there any similarities between this model and the Western models? Dissimilarities?
Latin American cities-urban growth rates rapidly increasing (Mexico City), farmers moving to city for work (unproductive); cities have a spine of high income (gated communities) extending from CBD; squatter settlements (areas of extreme poverty) are located on edge of city, squatter settlements are referred to as favelas in Brazil and barriadas in other states, these are crime-ridden areas.
Latin American City Model as developed by Dr. Larry Ford (city is laid out like hub and spoke of a bicycle wheel)
Mexico City Problems?

38. Southeast, east and south Asian Cities
More than one CBD, each with its own commercial activity
Colonial CBD
Chinese CBD
Often an Indian CBD
Elite corridor towards the airport
Residential zones are haphazrd
The urban fringe has squatter settlements as well as new suburbs and new towns
Many gated communities
Asian cities- newer cities with great infrastructure; located on coasts; built for trade; expanding middle class due to increase in foreign investment (U.S. and Europe); Seoul, Hong Kong and Singapore are considered entrepots (re-export goods); have office park agglomerations and high tech corridors; have many shopping malls similar to those found in U.S.; megacities (Tokyo, Osaka, Beijing, Shanghai, Delhi, Mumbai, Manila) have populations greater than 10 million.

39. Colonial Based South Asia City
Generally based upon a port (trade and military)
Fort and open space used for protection & recreation (cricket)
Native area overcrowded and unsanitary
CBD supported Europeans while bazaar supported natives

40. Bazaar-based South Asian City
Older than colonial based cities
Trade based origin focused on bazaar and crossroads
Concentric in origin
Segregation based upon:
Religion
Language
Caste

41. How well does Jakarta match the Model of the South-East Asian City?
Southeast Asian city model developed by Terry McGee (see how everything extends from port)

42. Islamic City
City center has both mosque and souk/soq (market or bazaar)
Neighborhoods are stable
Few people move in or out
No gentrification
Genders are separated
Separate male and female spaces
located in Middle East, North Africa and Indonesia (Cairo, Tehran, Dubai, Istanbul); twisted streets for shade; space for common gatherings; city is laid out based on Islamic principles found in the Koran (most important aspect is the mosque, located in center of the city), primary mosques are referred to as a jani; traditional part of city is usually walled; windows are generally small; buildings are connected, but it is built for privacy of residents; bazaar (street market) is found in the city.

43. Sub-SaharAn African Cities
Colonial urbanization is seen most frequently in port cities used to export resources
From mines, forests, or plantations
Colonial cities were (and are) highly segregated
Western residential areas are distinct from indigenous (or local or native) residential areas

44. Types of African Cities
Indigenous City
Islamic City
Colonial City
European City
Dual City
Hybrid City
Apartheid City

45. Apartheid City

46. Urban Models
AP Human Geography
Fall 2016