1. EQ: What are the structures and functions of biomolecules?
Agenda:
Biochemistry Notes
LAB

2. Essential Elements in living organisms:
Biomolecules
Essential Elements in living organisms:
C, H, O, N and P, S

3. Latin Roots: Mono- = 1 Di- = 2 Poly- = many -mer = part
-saccharide = sugar
-ose = sugar

4. Organic compounds have carbon-hydrogen covalent bonds (ex: C6H12O6)
Inorganic do not (ex: NaCl, H2O)
H2O: most important inorganic compound in living things!
Most cellular processes take place in water solutions; universal solvent. 4

5. 4 Organic macromolecules (or polymers):
Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, Nucleic Acids
Made of smaller “building blocks” called monomers 5

6. 1. Carbohydrates: contain C, H, O in a 1:2:1 ratio
Made by plants during photosynthesis
Body’s primary source of energy
Monomer (single unit): monosaccharide
6CO2 + 6H2O  C6H12O6 + 6O2 6

7. Monosaccharides- (simple sugars) are sweet!
Can exist as Isomers: same formula, different structure
Ex: glucose, fructose 7

8. Disaccharides: 2 monosaccharides joined together
Ex: table sugar (sucrose = fructose+glucose) 8

9. Polysaccharides (complex carbohydrates)
Not sweet, chains of monosaccharide 9

10. Ex: Starch (bread, cereals, pasta)
Monomer: glucose
Function: Plant energy storage 10

11. Ex: Cellulose (plant cell walls)
Monomer: glucose (different bond than starch)
Function: Structure and support
Can’t be digested by humans(‘fiber’) 11

12. Ex: Chitin (fungi cell walls, exoskeletons of insects, shrimp, lobsters)
Monomer: glucose
Function: Structure and support
Similar to cellulose but includes nitrogen 12

13. Ex. Glycogen
Glycogen is an energy storage form of glucose found in the liver and skeletal muscle. It is broken down into glucose when needed between meals or during exercise.

14. Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Polysaccharides 14

15. 2. Proteins- aka Polypeptides
Elements: CHON (Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen)
Subunit: Amino Acids (20)
Function:
1. Structure- build tissues (building blocks)
2. Enzymes- increase the rate of chemical reactions (speeds up)
Examples: muscles, hair, cartilage, nails
PROTEINS
complex organic compounds made up of amino acids needed for the body to function properly
Enzymes are proteins which function to control the rate of chemical reactions.
contain C, O, H, N and usually S
examples: muscles, hair, cartilage, nails
Monomer/Polymer & Diagram:
Amino acids (monomer) join together, with peptide bonds, forming a protein (polymer).

16. Amino Acid Examples
Monomer: Amino Acids 16

17. Amino Acids are made up of an amino group a carboxyl group
and an “R” group which varies in the different amino acids C H R H N O OH C C H N O OH C OH H N O
PROTEINS
are made up of
an amino group (boxes the amino group in a general molecular structure)
a carboxyl group (boxes the carboxyl group in a general molecular structure)
and an “R” group which varies in the different amino acids (boxes the R group in a general molecular structure)
(shows an alanine molecular structure)
(shows a serine molecular structure)
Alanine
Serine

19. Uses: make up 15% of body mass 1. Storage: albumin (egg white, plasma)
2. Transport: hemoglobin
3. Regulatory: insulin
4. Movement: actin, myosin
5. Structural: membranes, hair, nails
6. Enzymes: amylase, DNA replication 19

20. EX. Enzymes 2. control thousands of chemical reactions
1. act as catalysts to speed up chemical reactions
2. control thousands of chemical reactions
3. Substrate – chemical which enzyme works on
4. Active site – location on enzyme where substrate
binds
5. various factors such as temperature, pH,
and substrate concentration affect enzyme
activity

21. Sucrase - enzyme which helps the break down of sucrose

22. 3. Lipids (fats,oils,waxes)
Made of C, H, O
Subunit (Monomer) = glycerol and fatty acids
Foods: butter, oils, anything fried
Function:
-long term energy storage
-Build biological membranes (cell membranes)
-Chemical Messengers

23. ex) triglyceride Note the molecular structure’s “E” shape
glycerol
and
3 fatty acids C H O C H O C H O
LIPIDS
made up of
glycerol (boxes the glycerol portion of the molecule)
and fatty acids (boxes the fatty acids portions of the molecule)
Note the molecular structure’s “E” shape (highlights the “E” shape)

24. Ex) Steroids : Cholesterol and hormones
ex)Phospholipid
Ex) Steroids : Cholesterol and hormones

25. Saturated vs. Unsaturated
Saturated (fat): solid at room temp; single bonds w/hydrogen
Unsaturated (oil): have double bond, liquid at room temp

26. 4. Nucleic Acids Monomer: nucleotides (sugar, PO43-, N-base)
Use: instructions for making proteins
Ex: DNA, RNA

28. NITROGENOUS BASES Adenine [A] Guanine [G] Cytosine [C] Thymine [T]
Function: bond nucleic acids together
Cytosine [C]
Thymine [T]
Adenine [A]
Uracil [U]
Guanine [G]

29. Learning check: A. B. C. D. 29

30. Write a Level 1 Question & Summary