1. INTRODUCTION TO ORGANISMS AND CLASSIFICATION

2. Two Major Domains: Archaea and Bacteria
Prokaryotes
Two Major Domains: Archaea and Bacteria
Prokaryotes are single-celled organisms that do not have a membrane-bound nucleus, and can live in nearly every environment on Earth.
Prokaryotes differ greatly in their genetic traits, their modes of nutrition, and their habitats.
Based on genetic differences, prokaryotes are grouped in two domains: Domain Archaea and Domain Bacteria.

3. Three Domains of Living Organisms
Prokaryotes
Three Domains of Living Organisms

4. Prokaryotes
Domain Archaea
One of the ways in which archaea differ is the make up of their cell wall. Archaeal cells walls lack a protein-carbohydrate complex found in bacterial cell walls that make their cells walls rigid. (peptidoglycan).
Archaea differ in the types of lipids in their cell membrane. Also, archaeal genes do not contain introns.

5. Domain Archaea, continued
Prokaryotes
Domain Archaea, continued
Archaeal Groups (3)
Archaeal groups include methanogens, halophiles, and thermoacidophiles.

6. Prokaryotes
Domain Bacteria
Bacteria occur in many shapes and sizes. Most bacteria have one of three basic shapes: rod-shaped, sphere-shaped, or spiral-shaped.
Rod-shaped bacteria are called bacilli (singular, bacillus).
Sphere-shaped bacteria are called cocci (singular, coccus).

7. Three Bacterial Cell Shapes
Prokaryotes
Three Bacterial Cell Shapes

8. Structure and Function, continued
Biology of Prokaryotes
Structure and Function, continued
Prokaryotic Movement
Many prokaryotes have long flagella that allow the prokaryotes to move toward food sources or away from danger.

9. VIRUSES

10. Characteristics of Viruses
Viral Structure and Replication
Characteristics of Viruses
Are viruses alive?
Viruses do not have all of the characteristics of life and are therefore not considered to be living.
They are not on the phylogenetic “tree of life”

11. Viral Replication Replication in Viruses That Infect Prokaryotes
Viral Structure and Replication
Viral Replication
Replication in Viruses That Infect Prokaryotes
Bacteriophages are viruses that infect bacteria.

12. Viral Diseases
Human Viral Diseases
Viruses cause many human diseases, including the common cold, flu, hepatitis, rabies, chickenpox, certain types of cancer, and AIDS.

13. Prevention and Treatment
Viral Diseases
Prevention and Treatment
Vaccinations (as a means of prevention)
A vaccine contains a harmless version of a virus, bacterium, or a toxin that causes an immune response when introduced to the body.
Vaccines have helped to greatly reduce certain viral diseases.

14. PROTISTS

15. A Diverse Group of Eukaryotes
Characteristics of Protists
A Diverse Group of Eukaryotes
Protists are unicellular or simple multicellular eukaryotic organisms that are not plants, fungi, or animals.

16. Characteristics of Protists
Classification
Protists are classified by the characteristics that make them fungus-like, plant-like, or animal-like.

17. Characteristics Unicellular and Multicellular
Characteristics of Protists
Characteristics
Unicellular and Multicellular
Most protists are unicellular, but some form large, multicellular bodies.
Mobility
Protists use flagella, cilia, or pseudopodia for locomotion.
Nutrition
Protists can be heterotrophic or autotrophic

18. Reproduction Protists reproduce either asexually, sexually, or both.
Characteristics of Protists
Reproduction
Protists reproduce either asexually, sexually, or both.
Protists can reproduce either asexually by binary fission, multiple fission or sexually by conjugation.

19. Examples of Protists
Paramecium
Euglena
Plasmodium
(Causes malaria)

20. Protists and Health Malaria
Protists and Humans
Protists and Health
Malaria
Parasitic protists in the genus Plasmodium cause malaria, which is characterized by severe chills, headache, fever, and fatigue.
Each year, nearly 3 million people die from malaria.

21. FUNGI

22. Overview of Fungi
Characteristics
Fungi are eukaryotic, nonphotosynthetic organisms that can be unicellular or multicellular in form.
Most fungi are microscopic molds or yeasts.
Molds that grow on bread and fruit are tangled masses of filaments.
Yeasts are fungi whose colonies look similar to bacteria.

23. Characteristics Cell walls of chitin Decompose
Overview of Fungi
Characteristics
Cell walls of chitin
Decompose
Cells are not completely divided

24. Examples of Fungi
Bread molds
Mushrooms
Penicillin

25. Classification of Fungi
Lichens
Lichens represent symbiotic relationships between fungi and photosynthetic organisms, such as cyanobacteria or green algae.
The algae makes sugar for the fungus and the fungus provides moisture, shelter and anchorage for the algae.

26. Section 3 Modern Classification
Chapter 17
Six Kingdoms

27. Phylogenetic Diagram of Major Groups of Organisms
Section 3 Modern Classification
Chapter 17
Phylogenetic Diagram of Major Groups of Organisms

28. Plants

29. Eukaryotic, Multicellular
Chloroplasts and starch granules in bryum moss

30. Autotrophic, Cell wall made of cellulose

31. Major

32. Animals
Organelles?
Cell walls?
Unicellular?
How do they eat?
Eukaryotic
No cell wall
Multicellular
Heterotrophic