1. Immigration, Integration
Week 3

2. France as « terre d’accueil »
History of Immigration
11/11/2018

3. 11/11/2018

4. History of Immigration
19th century: neighbouring countries
les pays voisins, les pays limitrophes
- Italy, Spain, Portugal, Belgium, Poland
Industrialization of France, north and east
- Manufacturing, construction, coal, steel, textiles
11/11/2018

5. History of Immigration
: 30,000 Belgians and Italians
: 100,000 Belgians and Italians
Italian and Spanish immigrants in south : agriculture
11/11/2018

6. History of Immigration
11/11/2018

7. History of Immigration
Mass immigration began in 1850s under Second Empire (( )
Economic expansion + industrial growth = demand for labour.
End 19th century : 1.1 million immigrants = 2.6% of population
11/11/2018

8. History of Immigration
WWI ( ) France recruited foreign workers for munitions factories.
1931 half of all workers in mining Polish
Major population movements after redrawing of frontiers
11/11/2018

9. History of Immigration
Working immigrants (movements ouvriers)
Political refugees (refugiés politiques)
France turns to colonies for soldiers
(troupes indigènes)
11/11/2018

10. http://www. histoire-immigration
connaitre-deux-siecles-d-histoire-de-l- immigration/emigrer/du-xixe-siecle-a-1914
11/11/2018

11. History of Immigration
grande phase d’immigration
1,920,000 people
- 33% Italians
- 32% Polish
- 8% Spanish
11/11/2018

12. History of Immigration
Political refugees
Italians after Mussolini
Spanish Civil War
Armenians
Russians
Peak in 1931 = 7% of population, 2,900,000 people
11/11/2018

13. History of Immigration
1930s : economic depression
Repatriation
Decrease until 1950s
11/11/2018

14. History of Immigration
Mid 1950s: active recruitment of foreign workers
Reconstruction and dénatalité
Attempt to limit origins of immigrants to Europe
Agreements signed with Italy, Poland etc
11/11/2018

15. Immigration from the Colonies
Maghreb (Northwest Africa: Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia
Sub-Saharan Africa (Senegal)
Indochina ( South-East Asia: Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos)
DOM-TOM : Guadeloupe, Martinique, French Guyana etc
11/11/2018

16. 11/11/2018

17. 11/11/2018

18. 11/11/2018

19. France and Algeria WWI: « native » troops recruited into French army
Temporary immigration
Algeria major settler colony
Land expropriation

20. France and Algeria Prior to independence (1962) French nationals
Subjects, not citizens
100,000 in 1924
Mining, iron, steel, car manufacture
Marseilles, Lyons, St Etienne, Strasbourg, Paris

21. France and Algeria Stage 1: temporary, economic support to families
WWII: Statute of Algeria (1947): full citizenship for Algerian men
Unregulated passage between Algeria and France
Français-musulmans d’Algérie

22. France and Algeria Stage 2: post-1947
1956: 300,000 Algerians in France
Poor living conditions, shanty towns.

23. France and Algeria Algerian War of Independence (1954- 62)
FLN (Front de Libération Nationale) funded through taxes on Algerians in France.
Represssive reaction in France
Reinforced support for FLN

24. France and Algeria Maurice Papon 1958: organised repression of FLN
October 1961: curfew
Peaceful demonstrations attacked
Over 50 Algerians killed by security forces

26. France and Algeria 1962: Accord d’Evian – Algerian Independence
1965: 500,000 Algerian nationals in France
Restrictions introduced in 1970s – end of Les Trente Glorieuses
Algerian presence temporary?

27. France and Algeria Public housing restrictions
Segregated accommodation
« Overseeing » of Algerian community by former colonial police

28. France and Algeria 1975-85: 2nd generation Algerians
Stereotyping of young males and women
Spatial dynamics: public housing estates and banlieues
Exhortation to « integrate »

29. France and Algeria Ambiguity over nationality
Beurs = arabe = a-ra-be = beur
Islamic counter-culture
Beurgoisie

30. France and Algeria Harkis Fled Algeria in 1962
Interned in camps in rural France

31. http://www.histoire-immigration.fr/histoire-de-l- immigration/le-film

32. Immigration, integration
No recognition of individuals according to racial criteria
Nationals ≠non-nationals
Remain foreign, become French

33. Nationality Legislation
Filiation = droit du sang
Droit du sol (not automatic)
French if one parent born in France = double droit du sol
Algeria: French if one parent born in Algeria before independence

34. Nationality Legislation
Foreign born children can become French if parents naturalized
Residency in France for more than 5 years
4 years of marriage

35. Nationality Legislation
2011: applicants justify assimilation into French community
Test of assimilation, sign charter

36. Immigration Figures
11/11/2018

37. Immigration Figures

38. Immigration Figures
11/11/2018

39. Immigration Figures
11/11/2018

40. Immigration Figures
11/11/2018

41. Grenoble: a multicultural city
Mid 19th Century: 2.5% foreigners (Savoyards)
1901: 4% (80% Italians)
Construction, manual work (glove-making)
1921: 7.7%
1931: 18% (national average 7%)

42. Grenoble: a multicultural city

44. Grenoble: a multicultural city
St Laurent – rue Chenoise - Rue Très Cloître
Drop after 1931
1946: 8,2%
St Laurent: 90% Italian
82% Manual or skilled workers

45. Grenoble: a multicultural city

46. Grenoble: a multicultural city

47. Grenoble: a multicultural city

48. Grenoble: a multicultural city

49. Grenoble: a multicultural city

50. Grenoble: a multicultural city
Shift in population: Portuguese, Spanish, North African
Progression southwards, Echirolles, Villeneuve
Largest English-speaking population outside Paris
2010: 15.6% foreigners (5.8% North Africans)

52. Indigènes
Days of Glory
2006

53. WWII African Troops Algeria and Morocco
De Gaulle: « les soldats de la plus Grande France »
L’Armée d’Afrique
Tirailleurs

54. WWII African Troops
1944: 120,000 goumiers, tirailleurs, spahis arrive in Provence
Fought for France until victory in 1945
1947: Général Leclerc asked France to do its duty by these men

55. WWII African Troops
1960 pensions and disability allowances frozen at 1959 level
10 times lower than in France

56. WWII African Troops
2001 a former « tirailleur sénégalais » brought a case
« cristallisation des pensions »
Discrimination based on nationality
Conseil d’Etat upheld case

57. WWII African Troops Process to rectify situation started in 2003
2006 (Indigènes): Same purchasing power in respective countries
Not same amount in euros
Career solidiers: 7512 euros/year in France
643 euros/year in Morocco

58. WWII African Troops
2010 Cour des comptes: automatic and integral alignment of all pensions, regardless of country of residence or nationality
Applied as of January 2011