1. CO2 and pollutant emissions LDV
Type approval process focused on combined approach
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CO2/FC LDV B. Lopez de Rodas - E. Collot

2. CO2 and FC from test to the road
Tests and CO2 certification
Approval certificate (715/2007)
Labelling (1999/94)
Fiscality
Monitoring
CO2 regulation (443/2009)
WVTA (2007/46)
National Registration
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CO2/FC LDV B. Lopez de Rodas - E. Collot 2

3. Reminder: FE/CO2 interpolation method2,
cycle TM L RR
Aero H CO 2
Cycle
Energy
Individual
CO2 for an individual vehicle
Δ E
CO2 extrapolation
 Max +3g/km
Max: 30g/km or 20% which ever is the lowest
Min: 5g/km
CO2 extrapolation
 Max -3g/km
 Compliance with emission limits required for each tested VH and VL
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CO2/FC LDV B. Lopez de Rodas - E. Collot 3

4. Reminder: cycles and families
Currently
WLTP
3 values of CO2 emissions / FC:
Extra urban
Urban
Combined
WLTC:
Low
Mid
High
Extrahigh
HEV : WLTC_city = low+mid
RDE: urban/rural/motorway
CO2 /FC family ≠
Emissions family
CO2 /FC family defined with
No Combined approach: VH
RR/aero/mass
Combined approach: VL
CO2/FC family same as emission family
Results for CO2/FC and pollutant emissions
 See UTAC proposal 
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CO2/FC LDV B. Lopez de Rodas - E. Collot 4

5. Impacted regulations 715/2007 – 692/2008 2007/46 1999/94 443/2009
Application document
Test report
Type approval certificate
COP
OBD
Introduction of 14°C correction
2007/46
Information document (annex 1)
Test – Report (annex 8 based on 715/2007)
Type-Variant-Version (annex 2)
CoC (annex 9)
1999/94
Display/poster
Publication
443/2009
Monitoring
Correlation CO2 (NEDC)↔ CO2 (WLTC)
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CO2/FC LDV B. Lopez de Rodas - E. Collot 5

6. 715/2007 (1/3) Currently WLTP Information document Remark:
Declared values for CO2/FC
Choice of VL and VH
OEM choice with TS agreement
RR/aero/mass and metric precision
expected results for CO2/FC  OEM declaration ?
Remark:
Individual vehicles non identified during type approval
Open points:
CO2/FC within xx % ? (currently 4% for M1 / 6% for N1)
Range of RR/aero/mass for individual vehicle in the family ?
Gear selection and shift point determination
Data provided in the document ?
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7. 715/2007 (2/3) Currently WLTP Test report Type approval certificate
CO2/FC values:
by family (one vehicle tested)
Test result on each phase + combined
Same testing vehicle for VH and VL
Possibility of having different cycles for VL and VH (gear shifting/power to mass ratio) ?
RR/aero/mass: metric precision ?
Measurement pollutant emissions on each phase + combined  FC
Number of tests (0,9*L)
Reference to ATCT test report ?
Results ?
Application of correction (when) ?
- Reporting: result on low/mid/high/extrahigh/combined ?
Type approval certificate
Possibility to refer to
the report
the documentation
Complete RR/aero/mass of VL and VH information for authorities
Reporting: result on low/mid/high/extrahigh/combined ?
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8. 715/2007 (3/3) Currently WLTP OBD COP and ISC Other NEDC
What cycle to refer to ?
COP and ISC
Statistical method
New statistical method?
Which vehicle will be tested?
VH-VL if existing
Individual vehicle
Other
Extension rules
Extension rules ?
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9. 2007/46 European reception (1/2)
Identification of individuals vehicles and their CO2/FC values  when?
Currently
WLTP
Information document (2007/46 annex 1)
Declared values for CO2/FC
Extra urban
Urban
Combined
Transient period: which cycle (NEDC/WLTC) ?
Which phase (s) ? + Combined?
For which vehicle: VH-VL ?
Test - Report (2007/46 annex 8)  715/2007 approval
One vehicle tested for the CO2/FC family
VH and VL results
Before and/or after ATCT correction ?
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CO2/FC LDV B. Lopez de Rodas - E. Collot 9

10. 2007/46 European reception (2/2)
Currently
WLTP
TVV (2007/46 annex 2)
CO2/FC:
Urban
Extra urban
Combined
Both values: WLTC and NEDC
One TVV:
Several values of CO2/FC ?
Range ?
VH-VL: RR/aero/mass
1 TVV = 1 CO2 family ?
Restricted range of CO2?
 Modification of TVV definition ?
CoC (2007/46 annex 9)
CO2/FC values based on TVV:
Both values: WLTC and NEDC ?
Access to ATCT result ?
Individual vehicle: RR/aero/mass
CO2/FC caculation :
who calculates ?
Which phase(s) ? + combined ?
VH and VL with their characteristics (RR/aero/mass)
 Modification of CoC definition ?
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11. 1999/94 Labelling Fiscality – National registration
Currently
WLTP
Labelling (1999/94) and publication
Poster/display:
based on combined CO2/FC
Publication:
Procedure depending on member states
Both values: NEDC and WLTC ?
Depends on individual vehicle options  customer choice
Which figures:
Which phases? Combined ?
After ATCT correction?
For each vehicle? Range?
How to manage diversity? (vehicle options  new CO2/FC values?)
 Labelling : to be modified (and standardized?)
Fiscality
Own state policy
Transient period: how to manage 2 values of CO2/FC (NEDC/WLTC) ?
Based on TVV? CoC?
National registration
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12. Monitoring 443/2009 Currently WLTP Monitoring 443/2009 Based on TVV
Both values (WLTC /NEDC) ?
According
Type approval?
Manufacturer (at the moment of production)?
National Registration Authorities (at the moment of registration)?
Data
CO2 and FC (low/mid/high/extrahigh/combined?)
Metric data: RR, aero, mass…
443/2009
For passenger cars:
130g CO2/km in 2015
95g CO2/km in 2021
Correlation CO2 (NEDC)↔ CO2 (WLTC)
 Procedure undergoing
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13. Open points Multistage vehicle Classes for N1-vehicle
Class vs VH-VL issue regarding mass
Test on other fuels (gas, bi-fuel,…)
Pollutant emissions: PHEV – HEV – PEV
RDE : equivalence urban/rural/motorway with WLTC ?
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14. Results
Golden rule: all results must comply with the criteria pollutant emissions standards in each configuration
Results : Report  Approval certificate  COC : Emissions/CO2/FC for each TVV
Combined approach : VH-VL (test 1 and 2 in case of 2nd test)
Pollutant (i)
CO2 (j)
FC (j)
RVH
PVH(i)=Av(PVH1(i) ; PVH2(i))
Av(CO2VH1(j) ; CO2VH2(j))
Av(FCVH1(j) ; FCVH2(j))
RVL
PVL(i)=Av(PVL1(i) ; PVL2(i))
Av(CO2VL1(j) ; CO2VL2(j))
Av(FCVL1(j) ; FCVL2(j))
Result
Av(PVH(i); PVL(i))
Formula(j): individual result VH
Pollutant (i)
CO2 (j)
FC (j)
RVH1
PVH1(i)
CO2VH1(j)
FCVH1(j)
RVH2
PVH2(i)
CO2VH2(j)
FCVH2(j)
Result
Av(PVH1(i) ; PVH2(i))
Av(CO2VH1(j) ; CO2VH2(j))
Av(FCVH1(j) ; FCVH2(j))
Compound (i)
Phase (j)
23/05/2014
Number of tests and results 14

15. Reminder: combined approach
Road load determination by correlating the forces to:
mass
aerodynamic drag RR VL VH
Δf2(Δaero)
ΔMass
ΔRR VX
Δf0(Δmass, ΔRR)
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